PSY 220 Final Exam | Actual study set |
Questions and verified Answers
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANSW-asking questions, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw
conclusion, report the results, replication
Epigenetics - ANSW-how environment affects genes and genetic expression
Differential susceptibility (and the metaphor to describe it) - ANSW-people vary in how sensitive they are
too environmental experiences. METAPHOR: orchids are highly sensitive being more prone to being
impacted by stressors in their environment where as dandelions are able to grow anywhere and able to
thrive in any given circumstance.
life span development is... - ANSW-multi-directional, multi-contextual, multi-cultural, and plastic
multi-directional - ANSW-change can happen suddenly or gradually
multi-contextual - ANSW-all persons born within a few years of one another
multi-cultural - ANSW-shared beliefs, norms, and behaviors
plastic - ANSW-people can change over time
sensitive period vs. critical period - ANSW-sensitive period: time when a particular development occurs
MOST EASILY (language)
critical period: time when certain things MUST occur for normal development (28-54 days for growing
limbs)
race as a social construct - ANSW--based on physical appearance
-not based on biology
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System approach levels - ANSW--microsystem; immediate surroundings
-exosystem; local institutions (school, church)
-macrosystem; larger social setting
-chronosystem; historical context
-mesosystem; connections between micro and exo
Psychologists & their - ANSW-psychosexual theory: Freud
-sexual desire is the driving force behind human development
-driven by 3 psychic structure; id(i want), superego(i should), and ego(i will)
pschosocial theory: Erikson
-Erikson is Neo-Freudian
-focuses on social and cultural environment and not sexuality
experimental group vs comparison group in research - ANSW-experimental group: gets the altered IV
("treatment")
comparison group: (control group) doesnt get the treatment
cause and effect in research - ANSW-
types of studies - ANSW-cross-sectional, longitudinal design, and cross-sequential
cross-sectional - ANSW-gathers information from wide age range at a single time
, longitudinal design - ANSW-follows the same persons over time
cross-sequential - ANSW-follows groups of different ages over time
chromosomes - ANSW--chain of DNA
-we have 46 in total (23 pairs)
-1/2 of each pair mom, and 1/2 from dad
types of genes - ANSW--additive genes; genes that interact and add up to make the phenotype (height)
-dominant genes; only need from 1 parent to be expressed (brown eyes)
-recessive genes; need from both parents (blue eyes)
twins - ANSW--monozygotic (MZ) twins: one egg and one sperm that eventually seperates into 2 zygotes.
(identical, same genotype, same sex)
-dizygotic (DZ) twins: two eggs and two sperm (fraternal, only share a womb, genetically like siblings,
mother could have genes that increases)
stages of development after conception - ANSW--zygote=fertilized egg (first 2 weeks)
-embryo (3-8 weeks)
all organs and body parts are there, neither male nor female until end of 8th week, 1 inch long at 1/30th
of an ounce
-fetus(9 weeks until birth)
longest period, genitals form, heartbeat can be heard, movement can be felt, responds to sounds
maternal smoking and risks - ANSW-risk of miscarriages, premature birth, and low birth weight
APGAR assessment - ANSW-A-appearance
P-pulse
G-grimace
A-activity
R-resperation
(7-10 good, 4-6 needs assistance to breath, 3-0 life threatening danger)
stages of birth - ANSW-1. labor (longest most taxing stage)
2. delivery of the baby
3. delivery of placenta
infant sleep - ANSW--Neonates sleep 16 to 17 hours per day
-At 3 to 4 months, they sleep 6 to 7 hours at night
-At 6 months, cultural patterns influence sleep patterns
*this is the age that is recommended for sleep training
-newborns have active sleep, with high proportion of REM sleep
SIDS; risks and suggestions for how to stop it - ANSW--SIDS= sudden infant death syndrome
-risk factors include: sleeping on stomach, LBS, low APGAR score, smoking, soft bedding
(highest risk 2-4 months)
-suggestions to stop it: dont smoke, lay baby on back to sleep, no extra bedding in bed
brain development and growth - ANSW--first 2 years: brain growth from 25% to 70% the size of adults
Questions and verified Answers
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANSW-asking questions, develop a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, draw
conclusion, report the results, replication
Epigenetics - ANSW-how environment affects genes and genetic expression
Differential susceptibility (and the metaphor to describe it) - ANSW-people vary in how sensitive they are
too environmental experiences. METAPHOR: orchids are highly sensitive being more prone to being
impacted by stressors in their environment where as dandelions are able to grow anywhere and able to
thrive in any given circumstance.
life span development is... - ANSW-multi-directional, multi-contextual, multi-cultural, and plastic
multi-directional - ANSW-change can happen suddenly or gradually
multi-contextual - ANSW-all persons born within a few years of one another
multi-cultural - ANSW-shared beliefs, norms, and behaviors
plastic - ANSW-people can change over time
sensitive period vs. critical period - ANSW-sensitive period: time when a particular development occurs
MOST EASILY (language)
critical period: time when certain things MUST occur for normal development (28-54 days for growing
limbs)
race as a social construct - ANSW--based on physical appearance
-not based on biology
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System approach levels - ANSW--microsystem; immediate surroundings
-exosystem; local institutions (school, church)
-macrosystem; larger social setting
-chronosystem; historical context
-mesosystem; connections between micro and exo
Psychologists & their - ANSW-psychosexual theory: Freud
-sexual desire is the driving force behind human development
-driven by 3 psychic structure; id(i want), superego(i should), and ego(i will)
pschosocial theory: Erikson
-Erikson is Neo-Freudian
-focuses on social and cultural environment and not sexuality
experimental group vs comparison group in research - ANSW-experimental group: gets the altered IV
("treatment")
comparison group: (control group) doesnt get the treatment
cause and effect in research - ANSW-
types of studies - ANSW-cross-sectional, longitudinal design, and cross-sequential
cross-sectional - ANSW-gathers information from wide age range at a single time
, longitudinal design - ANSW-follows the same persons over time
cross-sequential - ANSW-follows groups of different ages over time
chromosomes - ANSW--chain of DNA
-we have 46 in total (23 pairs)
-1/2 of each pair mom, and 1/2 from dad
types of genes - ANSW--additive genes; genes that interact and add up to make the phenotype (height)
-dominant genes; only need from 1 parent to be expressed (brown eyes)
-recessive genes; need from both parents (blue eyes)
twins - ANSW--monozygotic (MZ) twins: one egg and one sperm that eventually seperates into 2 zygotes.
(identical, same genotype, same sex)
-dizygotic (DZ) twins: two eggs and two sperm (fraternal, only share a womb, genetically like siblings,
mother could have genes that increases)
stages of development after conception - ANSW--zygote=fertilized egg (first 2 weeks)
-embryo (3-8 weeks)
all organs and body parts are there, neither male nor female until end of 8th week, 1 inch long at 1/30th
of an ounce
-fetus(9 weeks until birth)
longest period, genitals form, heartbeat can be heard, movement can be felt, responds to sounds
maternal smoking and risks - ANSW-risk of miscarriages, premature birth, and low birth weight
APGAR assessment - ANSW-A-appearance
P-pulse
G-grimace
A-activity
R-resperation
(7-10 good, 4-6 needs assistance to breath, 3-0 life threatening danger)
stages of birth - ANSW-1. labor (longest most taxing stage)
2. delivery of the baby
3. delivery of placenta
infant sleep - ANSW--Neonates sleep 16 to 17 hours per day
-At 3 to 4 months, they sleep 6 to 7 hours at night
-At 6 months, cultural patterns influence sleep patterns
*this is the age that is recommended for sleep training
-newborns have active sleep, with high proportion of REM sleep
SIDS; risks and suggestions for how to stop it - ANSW--SIDS= sudden infant death syndrome
-risk factors include: sleeping on stomach, LBS, low APGAR score, smoking, soft bedding
(highest risk 2-4 months)
-suggestions to stop it: dont smoke, lay baby on back to sleep, no extra bedding in bed
brain development and growth - ANSW--first 2 years: brain growth from 25% to 70% the size of adults
