PDB CEN Review 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
1
Cardiac output = - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔CO + HR x stroke volume (amount of
blood ejected per contraction)
Primary compensatory mechanism of low Cardiac output in peds? Other
signs? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Tachycardia -- Peds are unable to increase stroke
volume. Hypotension is a late sign, and bradycardia is an ominous sign in
peds.
Stroke Volume is influenced by... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Contractility, preload,
and afterload.
Frank-Starling's Law -- Stretch heart with volume to increase contractility
(rubber band snapping shut)
Preload is evaluated by... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Central venous pressure (CVP)
on the Right (invasive). Jugular vein distention (non-invasive measure)
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Decreased when hypovolemic and from vasodilators, increased by volume
and vasoconstrictors. TX: Increase preload w/ fluids/blood, decrease w/
2
diuretics.
Afterload... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Afterload (resistance to ventricular emptying)
is evaluated by systemic vascular resistance.
Decreased in distributive shocks (neurogenic, septic, and anaphylactic),
and by vasodilators. Tx: vasopressors (norepinephrine). Increased n
hypertension, aortic stenosis, and thru other shock compensation. Tx
Vasodilators like NTG.
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation causes... - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔causes release of catecholamine, which increase HR in response to
shock.
Parasympathetic nervous system (effect on heart, example; seen in what
type of shock and why?) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔decreased HR, like vagal
response; and as seen in neurogenic shock (no SNS, unopposed
parasympathetic)
MAP - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mean arterial pressure = (2DBP+SBP)/3
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
1
Cardiac output = - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔CO + HR x stroke volume (amount of
blood ejected per contraction)
Primary compensatory mechanism of low Cardiac output in peds? Other
signs? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Tachycardia -- Peds are unable to increase stroke
volume. Hypotension is a late sign, and bradycardia is an ominous sign in
peds.
Stroke Volume is influenced by... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Contractility, preload,
and afterload.
Frank-Starling's Law -- Stretch heart with volume to increase contractility
(rubber band snapping shut)
Preload is evaluated by... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Central venous pressure (CVP)
on the Right (invasive). Jugular vein distention (non-invasive measure)
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Decreased when hypovolemic and from vasodilators, increased by volume
and vasoconstrictors. TX: Increase preload w/ fluids/blood, decrease w/
2
diuretics.
Afterload... - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Afterload (resistance to ventricular emptying)
is evaluated by systemic vascular resistance.
Decreased in distributive shocks (neurogenic, septic, and anaphylactic),
and by vasodilators. Tx: vasopressors (norepinephrine). Increased n
hypertension, aortic stenosis, and thru other shock compensation. Tx
Vasodilators like NTG.
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation causes... - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔causes release of catecholamine, which increase HR in response to
shock.
Parasympathetic nervous system (effect on heart, example; seen in what
type of shock and why?) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔decreased HR, like vagal
response; and as seen in neurogenic shock (no SNS, unopposed
parasympathetic)
MAP - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mean arterial pressure = (2DBP+SBP)/3
COPYRIGHT©PROFFKERRYMARTIN 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
