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College aantekeningen - Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice (6463PSOTHY)

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Aantekeningen van alle colleges van het keuzevak Psychotherapie

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HC 1 – Introductie
Psychotherapie – een set van technieken die psychologische of gedragsmatige problemen genezen of
helpen op te lossen

Belangrijkste psychotherapeutische oriëntaties
- Psychoanalytische en psychodynamische therapie
- Humanistische en experiential psychotherapie
- Familietherapie
- Cognitieve en gedrag psychotherapie
Onderliggend aan alle varianten liggen eigenlijk 3 factoren:
relationele, cliëntele en therapeutische factoren

3 benaderingen
1. Emotion focused therapie
a. Focus op empathische afstemming op de cliënt, en
emotioneel bewustzijn en transformatie
b. Integreert humanistische ervaringsgerichte therapieën en neurowetenschappen
2. Psychoanalytic therapie
a. Benadrukt de onbewuste bron van emotioneel lijden
b. Relatie tussen therapeut en cliënt is vehicle of change
c. Focus op hoe het verleden wordt “nagespeeld” in het heden
3. Cognitive therapy
a. Focus op de automatische maladaptive gedachten, wat voor gevoel dat geeft en welk
gedrag daaruit resulteert

Geschiedenis van psychotherapie
Beck  ontwikkelde CGT
Ellis  ontwikkelde RET (rational emotional therapy; kwam eigenlijk op hetzelfde neer)
Zij waren geïnspireerd door
- Epictetus (It’s not what happens to you, but how you react to it, is what matters)
- Socratus (socratic dialogue)
 Door blijven vragen tot je bij een ‘logische conclusie’ komt
- Hippocrates
 Had een holistische visie
- Freud
- Behavioristen

Freudiaanse theorie
- Freud
 Weense neuroloog
 Founding father van psychoanalyse
 Freud is niet synoniem aan de freudiaanse theorie, anderen hebben hier namelijk ook
inspraak op gehad
- Freudiaanse theorie
 Beïnvloed door meerdere culturele en intellectuele trends in de late 19 e en vroege 20e
eeuw
 Hysterische symptomen zouden het resultaat zijn van onderdrukte emoties,
gerelateerd aan trauma

,  Seductie theorie
ₓ Childhood trauma is de oorzaak van de psychologische problemen
 Psychoanalyse

Behavioristen
- Vroege 20e eeuw
- Conditioneringsexperimenten
- Belangrijke inspiratie voor CGT
 Operante conditionering strategieën
 Relaxatie technieken & desensitisatie

Begin van psychotherapeutisch onderzoek
Tot het eind van de 18e eeuw werden mensen met psychische stoornissen vastgeketend. Dit werd
‘beeindigd’ aan het eind van de 18e eeuw, al kregen ze toen ook niet echt behandelingen, ze werden
eerder onder een koude douche gezet o.i.d. Maar dit is al beter dan vastgeketend zitten. Dit was ook de
periode waarin ontdekkingen gedaan werden van bijv. magnetisme

Mesmer
- Ontdekte de behandeling van hysterie / zenuwziektes met magneten
- Persoonlijke magnetisme
- Wenen & Parijs
- Franklin Committee:
 Eerste serie van onderzoeken naar psychologische behandeling
- Bewees met cruciale experimenten dat:
 Imaginatie zonder magnetisme tot convulsions leidt
 Magnetisme zonder imaginatie tot niks leidt
 Er geen reden is om te geloven dat er een magnetische fluïdum bestaat
- Dit betekent dat de sterke effecten resulteren van:
 Aanraking
 Imaginatie
 Imitatie van gedrag geobserveerd bij anderen
 Imaginatie heeft waarschijnlijk het sterkste effect
- This means that the strong effects result from:
 Touching
 Imagination
 Imitation of behavior observed in others
 Imagination probably strongest effect

Geleerde lessen:
- Effecten van imaginatie op gedrag
- Verwachtingen
- Placebo effecten
- Vroege versie van hypnotherapie
- Eerste studie in experimentele psychopathologie

, Evolutie van psychotherapeutisch onderzoek
Evidence based psychotherapy
- For several decades psychotherapy researchers have attempted to design randomly controlled
trials (RCT) to investigate the effectiveness of specific methods of psychotherapy
- Study design analogous to pharmacy trials, except that designing credible “placebo
treatments” is much more problematic
- Various treatment methods are promoted as “evidence based” by citing the number of RCTs
providing evidence that the treatment exceeded placebo (or some other treatment)

Psychotherapy “brands”
- The advocacy for the use of specific therapies is analogous to the advertising of brands of
antidepressant medication
- Calls for wide spread use of “evidence based treatments” in psychotherapy is analogous to the
FDA’s insistence that a drug may not be marketed for the treatment of depression until at least
two studies have shown superiority to placebo

Challenges to the differential effectiveness position
- Do discrete forms of psychological distress really exist?
- How generalizable are empirically supported treatments?
- A lack of evidence is not the same as counter-evidence
- Researcher alliance effects

Dodo bird verdict
- The dodo bird debate is focused on whether or not the specific components of differential
treatments lead some treatments to outperform other treatments for specific disorders.
- Supporters of the Dodo bird verdict contend that all psychotherapies are equivalent because of
“common factors” that are shared in all treatments.
Meta-analysis and common factors
- Over 2 decades of meta-analytic studies have served to reinforce Rosenzweig’s 1936
observation that different methods of psychotherapy tend to produce comparable outcomes…
the “dodo bird effect”
- Lack of evidence for specific treatment effects bolster the argument that almost all of the
effects of psychotherapy are due to factors common to all psychotherapies
Common factors
- The effectiveness of all treatments is due, in some part, to factors common to all treatments
- Contact with a helping, caring professional fosters hope and expectancy
- Given the potency of “placebo effects” the effectiveness of bona fide treatments has to exceed
that of placebo treatments
Dead as a dodo?
- Does it really make sense to say that everything is as good as everything for everything?
- Different clients may benefit from very different types of therapy
- Many meta-analyses do show meaningful differences between different therapies for specific
groups

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