NURS 6003 M6 exam with well answered |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
questions
What is V/Q ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔How much gas is being moved
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effectively, versus how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
exchange (perfusion occurs) |\ |\
example - pt w/ pulmonary embolism might have regular ventilation, but
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
blockage might impair exchange or perfusion. So Q is compromised.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Normal V/Q ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔0.8 but ideally 1 which can be
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
achieved through exercise |\ |\
effect on V/Q ratio in shunting and dead spacing - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔In the case of airway obstruction, ventilation will be 0 which leads to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
V/Q being 0. This is called a shunt. In the event of a pulmonary embolism and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
blood flow is blocked, the V/Q is infinite. This is called a dead space
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Blood flow through the heart - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔SVC --> Rt atria -->
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve --> Lungs --> Lt atria --> Mitral
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Located in the blood vessels and heart, sensing changes in pressure and if
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, there is a drop in blood pressure, they send signals to the cardiac center of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
control which stimulate beta-1 and alpha-1 receptors to raise BP.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
RAAS in blood pressure regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The RAAS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
controls renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone to regulate BP by constricting
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
blood vessels, and causing reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
what is preload - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the work being forced on the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
heart before it contracts. Preload is also referred to as end-diastolic volume
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
because the force is also the pressure in the ventricles before systole.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
what is afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the strain on the ventricle at the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
end of the contraction. This is where the muscle fibers shorten and contract
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and the ventricles empty. Afterload increases when there is damage to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
valves.
Right heart failure (patho, CM, dx) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Impaired
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ability to move unoxygenated blood through the lungs to be oxygenated,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
causing congestion of the peripheral tissues. Manifested by dependent edema
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and ascites, liver congestion and impaired function, GI tract congestion,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
anorexia, GI distress, and weight loss. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
left heart failure (patho, CM, dx) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Left sided heart
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
failure: Caused by the left ventricle no longer able to meet demands of the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
heart which leads to the build up of fluid in the lungs. This also is referred to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
as congestive heart failure. This is manifested by activity intolerance, impaired
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gas exchange, cyanosis, hypoxia, pulmonary edema, cough with frothy
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sputum, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea. |\ |\ |\
questions
What is V/Q ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔How much gas is being moved
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
effectively, versus how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
exchange (perfusion occurs) |\ |\
example - pt w/ pulmonary embolism might have regular ventilation, but
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
blockage might impair exchange or perfusion. So Q is compromised.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Normal V/Q ratio - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔0.8 but ideally 1 which can be
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
achieved through exercise |\ |\
effect on V/Q ratio in shunting and dead spacing - CORRECT ANSWERS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔In the case of airway obstruction, ventilation will be 0 which leads to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
V/Q being 0. This is called a shunt. In the event of a pulmonary embolism and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
blood flow is blocked, the V/Q is infinite. This is called a dead space
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Blood flow through the heart - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔SVC --> Rt atria -->
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve --> Lungs --> Lt atria --> Mitral
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
✔✔Located in the blood vessels and heart, sensing changes in pressure and if
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, there is a drop in blood pressure, they send signals to the cardiac center of
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
control which stimulate beta-1 and alpha-1 receptors to raise BP.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
RAAS in blood pressure regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔The RAAS
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
controls renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone to regulate BP by constricting
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
blood vessels, and causing reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
what is preload - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the work being forced on the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
heart before it contracts. Preload is also referred to as end-diastolic volume
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
because the force is also the pressure in the ventricles before systole.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
what is afterload - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the strain on the ventricle at the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
end of the contraction. This is where the muscle fibers shorten and contract
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and the ventricles empty. Afterload increases when there is damage to the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
valves.
Right heart failure (patho, CM, dx) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Impaired
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ability to move unoxygenated blood through the lungs to be oxygenated,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
causing congestion of the peripheral tissues. Manifested by dependent edema
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
and ascites, liver congestion and impaired function, GI tract congestion,
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
anorexia, GI distress, and weight loss. |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
left heart failure (patho, CM, dx) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔Left sided heart
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
failure: Caused by the left ventricle no longer able to meet demands of the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
heart which leads to the build up of fluid in the lungs. This also is referred to
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
as congestive heart failure. This is manifested by activity intolerance, impaired
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
gas exchange, cyanosis, hypoxia, pulmonary edema, cough with frothy
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sputum, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea. |\ |\ |\
