Louisiana Horticulture Exam study guide
2025|366 Questions and Answers
4 major plant parts include - -roots
stems
leaves
reproductive parts
- 4 functions of the root system include - -absorption
anchorage
conduction
storage
- 2 kind of root systems found in plants are - -fibrous root systems
and
taproot systems
- Fibrous root system - -root system that consists of numerous multi-
branched roots that are slender; no one root is more prominent than the
other.
- Tap root system (more difficult to transplant) - -root system that consists
of one main root that grows directly downward from which branch roots
arise;
carrot or a woody root (oak,maple)
- What should you do if a plant becomes root bound within their containers?
- -Spread the roots out or prune them to encourage the root system to grow
outward
- 3 primary functions of the stems are - -Support
conduction
storage
- Conduction - -the movement of water, mineral solutions, and substances
manufactured in the plant.
- xylem - -water and mineral solution move upward from the roots to the
leaves through inner tissues called
- phloem - -manufactured food from the leaves move out of the leaves
through outer stem tissues called
- What 2 tissues form the vascular system of the plant? - -xylem and
phloem
, - Cambium layer - -The tissue between the xylem and phloem is called the
____________. Plant function growth depends on uninterrupted conduction.
- Monocotyledonous Plants (single leaf monocots) - -The xylem and phloem
tissues are formed in bundles scattered in a discontinuous vascular system
through the stem.
Corn, grass, lilies, orchids
- Dicotyledonous Plants (two seed leaves dicots)
Gymnosperms Plants (many seed leaves) - -the xylem is formed on the
inside next to the heartwood surrounded by a continuous layer of cambium
with the phloem on the outside.
Tree, shrubs, annuals, and perrennials
- Girdle - -is a complete circle of dead tissue around the stem which
interrupts the food supply pipeline.
- Nodes and internodes - -Areas of the stems where leaves emerge are
called ____________ and the space between are called __________.
- axillary bud and axil - -in the angle where each leaf joins the stem, there is
an _________________ which is compressed, dormant stem. The angle is called
the ______ of the leaf.
- Asexual reproductive structures - -Some plants have modified stem and
roots structures that store exceptionally large amounts of food and function
as
- Corms, such as gladiolus - -solid stem structures with remains of dried
scale leaves surrounding and protecting them. Cycle of changes are
controlled by temperature.
- Rhizome, such as Louisiana - -the main axis or stem of the plant is in a
horizontal position underground
- Stolons - -Cylindrical horizontal stems found above ground similar to a
rhizome
- Tuberous roots (sweet potato) - -roots that do not have nodes and buds
- crown - -the area where the stem and root tissue meets
- Biennial Root - -Roots that are living through two growing seasons
- Annual Top Root - -Root living through one growing season
, - October until December - -Outdoor planting of spring bulbs can be done
from
- Dicot Leaf - -Leaf that generally has netted venation, one or more
prominent veins with branches forming a conspicuous net
- Mono Leaf - -Leaf that generally has parallel veins with inconspicuous
branching between the veins as in corn
- Photosynthesis and transpiration - -Leaves have two main functions to
carry out: ______________ and _______________.
- Photosynthesis - -the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are
eventually transformed into sugars (glucose) by the living cell using energy
from visible light absorbed by chlorophyll (green pigments)
- Transpiration - -the process whereby the leaf gives off water into the
atmosphere and temperature of the leaf is regulated to reduce injury from
excessive heat build up
- water deficit making the plant wilt - -What occurs when transpiration is
more rapid than absorption?
- Lower water pressure at the TOP of the plant - -Water movement from the
roots through the stems to the leaves depends on
- Angiosperms - -Plants that bloom and develop fruit which encloses the
seed
- gymnosperms - -plants that have no true flowers or fruit, but bear their
seeds uncovered in cones or similar structures such as conifers
- receptacle - -flowers are borne on an enlarged portion of the stem called
the
- sepals - -outer set of green floral leaves called __________ enclose the other
parts of the flower until these are nearly mature.
- Calyx - -collectively , the sepals comprise the ______.
- Corolla - -An entire set of petals is called the ________.
- Stamens - -are the male parts of the flower and are composed of pollen-
bearing anthers supported by filaments.
2025|366 Questions and Answers
4 major plant parts include - -roots
stems
leaves
reproductive parts
- 4 functions of the root system include - -absorption
anchorage
conduction
storage
- 2 kind of root systems found in plants are - -fibrous root systems
and
taproot systems
- Fibrous root system - -root system that consists of numerous multi-
branched roots that are slender; no one root is more prominent than the
other.
- Tap root system (more difficult to transplant) - -root system that consists
of one main root that grows directly downward from which branch roots
arise;
carrot or a woody root (oak,maple)
- What should you do if a plant becomes root bound within their containers?
- -Spread the roots out or prune them to encourage the root system to grow
outward
- 3 primary functions of the stems are - -Support
conduction
storage
- Conduction - -the movement of water, mineral solutions, and substances
manufactured in the plant.
- xylem - -water and mineral solution move upward from the roots to the
leaves through inner tissues called
- phloem - -manufactured food from the leaves move out of the leaves
through outer stem tissues called
- What 2 tissues form the vascular system of the plant? - -xylem and
phloem
, - Cambium layer - -The tissue between the xylem and phloem is called the
____________. Plant function growth depends on uninterrupted conduction.
- Monocotyledonous Plants (single leaf monocots) - -The xylem and phloem
tissues are formed in bundles scattered in a discontinuous vascular system
through the stem.
Corn, grass, lilies, orchids
- Dicotyledonous Plants (two seed leaves dicots)
Gymnosperms Plants (many seed leaves) - -the xylem is formed on the
inside next to the heartwood surrounded by a continuous layer of cambium
with the phloem on the outside.
Tree, shrubs, annuals, and perrennials
- Girdle - -is a complete circle of dead tissue around the stem which
interrupts the food supply pipeline.
- Nodes and internodes - -Areas of the stems where leaves emerge are
called ____________ and the space between are called __________.
- axillary bud and axil - -in the angle where each leaf joins the stem, there is
an _________________ which is compressed, dormant stem. The angle is called
the ______ of the leaf.
- Asexual reproductive structures - -Some plants have modified stem and
roots structures that store exceptionally large amounts of food and function
as
- Corms, such as gladiolus - -solid stem structures with remains of dried
scale leaves surrounding and protecting them. Cycle of changes are
controlled by temperature.
- Rhizome, such as Louisiana - -the main axis or stem of the plant is in a
horizontal position underground
- Stolons - -Cylindrical horizontal stems found above ground similar to a
rhizome
- Tuberous roots (sweet potato) - -roots that do not have nodes and buds
- crown - -the area where the stem and root tissue meets
- Biennial Root - -Roots that are living through two growing seasons
- Annual Top Root - -Root living through one growing season
, - October until December - -Outdoor planting of spring bulbs can be done
from
- Dicot Leaf - -Leaf that generally has netted venation, one or more
prominent veins with branches forming a conspicuous net
- Mono Leaf - -Leaf that generally has parallel veins with inconspicuous
branching between the veins as in corn
- Photosynthesis and transpiration - -Leaves have two main functions to
carry out: ______________ and _______________.
- Photosynthesis - -the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are
eventually transformed into sugars (glucose) by the living cell using energy
from visible light absorbed by chlorophyll (green pigments)
- Transpiration - -the process whereby the leaf gives off water into the
atmosphere and temperature of the leaf is regulated to reduce injury from
excessive heat build up
- water deficit making the plant wilt - -What occurs when transpiration is
more rapid than absorption?
- Lower water pressure at the TOP of the plant - -Water movement from the
roots through the stems to the leaves depends on
- Angiosperms - -Plants that bloom and develop fruit which encloses the
seed
- gymnosperms - -plants that have no true flowers or fruit, but bear their
seeds uncovered in cones or similar structures such as conifers
- receptacle - -flowers are borne on an enlarged portion of the stem called
the
- sepals - -outer set of green floral leaves called __________ enclose the other
parts of the flower until these are nearly mature.
- Calyx - -collectively , the sepals comprise the ______.
- Corolla - -An entire set of petals is called the ________.
- Stamens - -are the male parts of the flower and are composed of pollen-
bearing anthers supported by filaments.
