Community Health - Exam 1 Blueprint
What is systems thinking? *** · Studies how an individual or unit interacts with other organizations or
systems
· Useful in examining cause & effect
What is upstream thinking? *** · Used to focus on interventions that promote health or prevent illness,
as opposed to medical treatment models that focus on care after an individual becomes ill
· Useful in examining preventative measures
Nightingale's environmental theory *** · Highlights the relationship between an individual's
environment & health
· Focus is preventative care (upstream thinking)
Health belief model - people will make a change if these 4 actions are true *** · Perceived susceptibility,
seriousness, & threat of a disease
· Modifying factors (age, gender, race, knowledge level)
· Cues to action: advice from Dr., social media, commercials
· More benefits than barriers - take action / more barriers than benefits - will not
Milio's framework for prevention *** · Complements the health belief model
· Emphasizes change at the community level
· Connections between health deficits & prevention
· Theorized that large numbers of community members could bring about social change by changing
behaviors among themselves
Pender's health promotion model *** Does not consider health risk as a factor that provokes change
,· Factors that affect individual actions to promote & protect health:
o Personal
o Feelings, benefits, barriers, & characteristics associated with action
o Attitudes of others
Transtheoretical model (TTM) or stages of change (SOC) *** 1. Precontemplation: unaware of need to
change
2. Contemplation: considers change, weighs the benefits with costs
3. Preparation: plans to take action
4. Action
5. Maintenance: implements actions to continue behavior
6. Termination: individual is consistent, efforts to continue are no longer needed
Precaution adoption process model *** · Same as TTM but with one more stage
· Un-engagement stage between pre-contemplation & contemplation
· Un-engagement stage: knowing it's bad, but still going through it
Does not include termination stage
What are some examples of determinants of health? *** Factors that Influence client health
· Nutrition
· Social support
· Stress
· Education
· Finances
· Transportation & housing
· Biology & genetics
, · Personal health practices
What are health indicators? *** · Describe the health status of a community & serve as targets for the
improvement of a community's health
· Ex: mortality rates, BMI, tobacco use
What is a community? *** A group of people & institutions that share geographic, civic, &/or social
parameters
What is the goal of community health nursing? *** To promote, preserve, & maintain the health of
populations by the delivery of health services to individuals, families, & groups in order to influence
"community health"
What is the focus of community-oriented nursing? *** · Aggregates, communities, populations
· Can include at-risk or unserved individuals & families
What is the primary goal of community-oriented nursing? *** Health promotion & disease prevention
What are the nursing activities in community-oriented nursing? *** · Usually indirect (program
management)
· Can include direct care of at-risk individuals & populations
What is the focus of community-based nursing? *** Individuals & families
What is the primary goal of community-based nursing? *** Management of acute or chronic conditions
What are the nursing activities in community-based nursing? *** · Direct care (one-on-one)
What is systems thinking? *** · Studies how an individual or unit interacts with other organizations or
systems
· Useful in examining cause & effect
What is upstream thinking? *** · Used to focus on interventions that promote health or prevent illness,
as opposed to medical treatment models that focus on care after an individual becomes ill
· Useful in examining preventative measures
Nightingale's environmental theory *** · Highlights the relationship between an individual's
environment & health
· Focus is preventative care (upstream thinking)
Health belief model - people will make a change if these 4 actions are true *** · Perceived susceptibility,
seriousness, & threat of a disease
· Modifying factors (age, gender, race, knowledge level)
· Cues to action: advice from Dr., social media, commercials
· More benefits than barriers - take action / more barriers than benefits - will not
Milio's framework for prevention *** · Complements the health belief model
· Emphasizes change at the community level
· Connections between health deficits & prevention
· Theorized that large numbers of community members could bring about social change by changing
behaviors among themselves
Pender's health promotion model *** Does not consider health risk as a factor that provokes change
,· Factors that affect individual actions to promote & protect health:
o Personal
o Feelings, benefits, barriers, & characteristics associated with action
o Attitudes of others
Transtheoretical model (TTM) or stages of change (SOC) *** 1. Precontemplation: unaware of need to
change
2. Contemplation: considers change, weighs the benefits with costs
3. Preparation: plans to take action
4. Action
5. Maintenance: implements actions to continue behavior
6. Termination: individual is consistent, efforts to continue are no longer needed
Precaution adoption process model *** · Same as TTM but with one more stage
· Un-engagement stage between pre-contemplation & contemplation
· Un-engagement stage: knowing it's bad, but still going through it
Does not include termination stage
What are some examples of determinants of health? *** Factors that Influence client health
· Nutrition
· Social support
· Stress
· Education
· Finances
· Transportation & housing
· Biology & genetics
, · Personal health practices
What are health indicators? *** · Describe the health status of a community & serve as targets for the
improvement of a community's health
· Ex: mortality rates, BMI, tobacco use
What is a community? *** A group of people & institutions that share geographic, civic, &/or social
parameters
What is the goal of community health nursing? *** To promote, preserve, & maintain the health of
populations by the delivery of health services to individuals, families, & groups in order to influence
"community health"
What is the focus of community-oriented nursing? *** · Aggregates, communities, populations
· Can include at-risk or unserved individuals & families
What is the primary goal of community-oriented nursing? *** Health promotion & disease prevention
What are the nursing activities in community-oriented nursing? *** · Usually indirect (program
management)
· Can include direct care of at-risk individuals & populations
What is the focus of community-based nursing? *** Individuals & families
What is the primary goal of community-based nursing? *** Management of acute or chronic conditions
What are the nursing activities in community-based nursing? *** · Direct care (one-on-one)
