Psyc 210 Test #1 Chapters 1-4 | Actual
study set | Questions and Answers
When development begins - ANSW-Conception
Butterfly effect - ANSW-When something small has a huge impact, example= one cigarette causes birth
defect
Cohort* - ANSW-Born within a few years of you (go through the same thing), a group defined by the
shared age of its members, born about the same time, move through life together, experience same
historical events and cultural shifts
Longitudinal research design - ANSW-A way to study development over a lifespan, not always the same
people=problem, a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their
development is repeatedly assessed
Cross sectional research design - ANSW-A way to study development over a lifespan, a research design
that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics
Cross sequential research design - ANSW-A way to study development over a lifespan, a hybrid research
design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages
Plasticity - ANSW-Human traits can be molded yet people maintain a certiain durability of identity
Experimental method - ANSW-A research method in which the researcher treies to determine the cause
and effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and observing and recording the
changes in the other
Independent variable - ANSW-Manipulates, variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the
other variable
Dependent variable - ANSW-Measures, the variable that may change as a result of whaever new
condition or situation the experimenter adds, depends on the other variable
Experimental group - ANSW-Gets special treatment from the independent variable, predicted outcome is
significant change in the dependent variable
Control group - ANSW-Used for comparision, no special treatment, and no change in the dependent
variable
Limitation of naturalistic observation - ANSW-Difficult, may act different due to observers
Limitation of case study method - ANSW-Not in natural habitat, may act differently
Limitation of surveys - ANSW-Can be influenced, changed, cant have total accuracy, cant test everyone
Positive correlation - ANSW-Increase together and decrease together, V1 up, V2 up
Negative correlation - ANSW-Increase while other decreases, or opposite V1 down, V2 up
Case history of David - ANSW-Required heart surgery two days after he was born and again at age 5, eye
surgery at 6 months destroyed one of his eyes, malformations of his thumbs, ankles, feet, teeth, spine,
and brain, severely retarted, plasticity is evident (can be molded yet maintain a durability)
What are the 5 perspectives on development - ANSW-Psychoanalytic, behavioristic, cognitive,
sociocultural, and epignetic
Psychoanalytic - ANSW-A grand theory of human development that holds irrational, unconscious drives
and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior
, Behavioristic - ANSW-A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior, learning
theory, describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned
Cognitive - ANSW-A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think
over time, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
Sociocultural - ANSW-An emergent theory that holds that development results from the dynamic
interaction of each person with the surrouding social and cultural forces
Epigenetic - ANSW-Environmental facots that affect genes and genetic expression, enhancing, halting,
shaping, or altering the expression of genes resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the
genotype
Leader of psycholoanalytic - ANSW-Freud
Leader of behavioristic - ANSW-Watson
Leader of cognitive - ANSW-Piaget
Leader of sociocultural - ANSW-Vgotsky
Leader of epigenetic - ANSW-?
Freud's psychosexual stages of development - ANSW-Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Oral - ANSW-Birth to 1 year, the lips tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the
baby's body, and sucking, feeding are the most stimulating activities
Anal - ANSW-1 to 3 years, the anus is the cofus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and toilet
training is the most important activity
Phallic - ANSW-3 to 6 years, the phallus or penis is the most important body part and pleasure is derived
from genital stimulation,boys are proud of their penises and girls wonder why they dont have one
Latency - ANSW-6 to 11 years, not really a stage, an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and
children put physic energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sports
Genital - ANSW-Adolescence to adulthood, the genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the
young person seeks sexual stimulation and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual relationships
Erikson's psychosocial stages of development** - ANSW-Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and
doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation,
generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair
Trust vs. mistrust* - ANSW-Babies either trust that others will care for their basic needs (nourishment,
warmth, cleanliness, phyiscal contact) or develop mistrust about the care of others
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt* - ANSW-Children either become self sufficient in many activities,
including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking or doubt their own abilities
Initiative vs. guilt* - ANSW-Children either want to undertake many adultlike activities or interalize the
limits and prohibitions set by parents, feel either adventurous or guilty
Industry vs. inferiority* - ANSW-Children busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new
skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything as well as they wish they could
Identity vs. role confusion* - ANSW-Adolscents try to figure out who am i, they establish sexual, political,
religious, and vocational identities or are confused about what roles they play
Intimacy vs. isolation* - ANSW-Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from
others because they fear rejection and disappointment
study set | Questions and Answers
When development begins - ANSW-Conception
Butterfly effect - ANSW-When something small has a huge impact, example= one cigarette causes birth
defect
Cohort* - ANSW-Born within a few years of you (go through the same thing), a group defined by the
shared age of its members, born about the same time, move through life together, experience same
historical events and cultural shifts
Longitudinal research design - ANSW-A way to study development over a lifespan, not always the same
people=problem, a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their
development is repeatedly assessed
Cross sectional research design - ANSW-A way to study development over a lifespan, a research design
that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics
Cross sequential research design - ANSW-A way to study development over a lifespan, a hybrid research
design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages
Plasticity - ANSW-Human traits can be molded yet people maintain a certiain durability of identity
Experimental method - ANSW-A research method in which the researcher treies to determine the cause
and effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and observing and recording the
changes in the other
Independent variable - ANSW-Manipulates, variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the
other variable
Dependent variable - ANSW-Measures, the variable that may change as a result of whaever new
condition or situation the experimenter adds, depends on the other variable
Experimental group - ANSW-Gets special treatment from the independent variable, predicted outcome is
significant change in the dependent variable
Control group - ANSW-Used for comparision, no special treatment, and no change in the dependent
variable
Limitation of naturalistic observation - ANSW-Difficult, may act different due to observers
Limitation of case study method - ANSW-Not in natural habitat, may act differently
Limitation of surveys - ANSW-Can be influenced, changed, cant have total accuracy, cant test everyone
Positive correlation - ANSW-Increase together and decrease together, V1 up, V2 up
Negative correlation - ANSW-Increase while other decreases, or opposite V1 down, V2 up
Case history of David - ANSW-Required heart surgery two days after he was born and again at age 5, eye
surgery at 6 months destroyed one of his eyes, malformations of his thumbs, ankles, feet, teeth, spine,
and brain, severely retarted, plasticity is evident (can be molded yet maintain a durability)
What are the 5 perspectives on development - ANSW-Psychoanalytic, behavioristic, cognitive,
sociocultural, and epignetic
Psychoanalytic - ANSW-A grand theory of human development that holds irrational, unconscious drives
and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior
, Behavioristic - ANSW-A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior, learning
theory, describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned
Cognitive - ANSW-A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think
over time, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
Sociocultural - ANSW-An emergent theory that holds that development results from the dynamic
interaction of each person with the surrouding social and cultural forces
Epigenetic - ANSW-Environmental facots that affect genes and genetic expression, enhancing, halting,
shaping, or altering the expression of genes resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the
genotype
Leader of psycholoanalytic - ANSW-Freud
Leader of behavioristic - ANSW-Watson
Leader of cognitive - ANSW-Piaget
Leader of sociocultural - ANSW-Vgotsky
Leader of epigenetic - ANSW-?
Freud's psychosexual stages of development - ANSW-Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Oral - ANSW-Birth to 1 year, the lips tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the
baby's body, and sucking, feeding are the most stimulating activities
Anal - ANSW-1 to 3 years, the anus is the cofus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and toilet
training is the most important activity
Phallic - ANSW-3 to 6 years, the phallus or penis is the most important body part and pleasure is derived
from genital stimulation,boys are proud of their penises and girls wonder why they dont have one
Latency - ANSW-6 to 11 years, not really a stage, an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and
children put physic energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sports
Genital - ANSW-Adolescence to adulthood, the genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the
young person seeks sexual stimulation and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual relationships
Erikson's psychosocial stages of development** - ANSW-Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and
doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation,
generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair
Trust vs. mistrust* - ANSW-Babies either trust that others will care for their basic needs (nourishment,
warmth, cleanliness, phyiscal contact) or develop mistrust about the care of others
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt* - ANSW-Children either become self sufficient in many activities,
including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring, and talking or doubt their own abilities
Initiative vs. guilt* - ANSW-Children either want to undertake many adultlike activities or interalize the
limits and prohibitions set by parents, feel either adventurous or guilty
Industry vs. inferiority* - ANSW-Children busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new
skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything as well as they wish they could
Identity vs. role confusion* - ANSW-Adolscents try to figure out who am i, they establish sexual, political,
religious, and vocational identities or are confused about what roles they play
Intimacy vs. isolation* - ANSW-Young adults seek companionship and love or become isolated from
others because they fear rejection and disappointment
