TTUHSC Pharmacology: Exam 2
Why do we continually create new antibiotics? ANS: -New strains of diseases
-Changes in DNA in microorganisms
-Resistance
How can we protect the antibiotics we have? ANS: -Take as directed
-Take whole course of antibiotics
-Do not overuse them
Broad-spectrum antibiotics ANS: -Wide variety of bacteria are sensitive
-Covers for many types of bacteria that are sensitive to that drug
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics ANS: -Only a few types of bacteria are sensitive
-Only affects a few types of bacteria that are sensitive to that drug
Bactericidal action ANS: -Directly lethal to the micro-organism, keeps bacteria from multiplying.
-Effects cell wall
-Types of patients: Immunocompromised
Bacteriostatic action ANS: -Slows the growth of the micro-organism, but the immune-system response
of phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils) actually destroys the bacteria.
-Works in conjunction w/ our immune system.
-Effects protein synthesis
-Types of patients: Patients w/ good immune system. NOT good for someone who is
immunocompromised.
,What Is A Culture? ANS: -Swab, sample of biological material that is assessing for pathogen growth
-Use draw blood serum.
Why Do We Need Cultures? ANS: -Sensitivity bacteria has to the antibiotics.
-To see what the patient is most susceptible to.
-Help reduce antibiotic resistance.
Draw Cultures BEFORE ANS: -Initiating ABX (antibiotic therapy!)
What Education Should We Give Female Patients regarding oral Contraceptives with antibiotics? ANS: -
Use second form of birth control
-Antibiotics reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.
What C-Difficile (C-Diff) looks like ANS: -Diarrhea, watery, foul smell, highly contagious
Oral Thrush ANS: -White, patchy on roof of mouth and side of mouth, overgrowth of candida
Yeast Infection ANS: -a fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge and intense itchiness of the
vagina and the vulva/ overgrowth of candida.
Supra-infections: seen w/ antimicrobials and antibiotics ANS: -With ___ it's a secondary infection that
result from the use of antibiotics.
-We're killing the bad bacteria, but we're also killing off that normal (good) flora that we need.
WBC-what do they tell us? ANS: -�___ indicates infection
-How to indicate infection... In response to treatment - ____ GO ��
, Anti-infectives must travel through _____ to reach the site of infection ANS: -bloodstream
What areas of the body would be difficult for antimicrobials to penetrate? ANS: -Necrotic skin,
granulated tissue, abscess, the brain (blood brain barrier), heart (if underlying disease)
-The brain (blood brain barrier): Endocarditis; very difficult for an antibiotic to travel to wear it go.
What infections would be difficult to treat with antibiotics? ANS: -Meningitis (blood brain barriers)
-Endocarditis
-abscesses
-wounds
Pediatrics and Geriatrics: What do the liver and kidneys do to medications? ANS: -THINK kidneys(BUN,
creatinine)=excretion
-THINK liver(AST, ALT)=metabolism
-They're not going to be excreted as well, they're not going to be metabolized as well for older and
younger pts.
Pediatrics and meds ANS: -Increased toxicity
-underdeveloped organs=not going to be excreted and metabolised as well
-Everything is going to be SLOWER
How do the liver and kidneys change as we get older? ANS: -Function declines
-Build up of med in blood stream>Increase toxicity
-Reduced excretion and metabolism
-Renal/ liver failure
Why do we continually create new antibiotics? ANS: -New strains of diseases
-Changes in DNA in microorganisms
-Resistance
How can we protect the antibiotics we have? ANS: -Take as directed
-Take whole course of antibiotics
-Do not overuse them
Broad-spectrum antibiotics ANS: -Wide variety of bacteria are sensitive
-Covers for many types of bacteria that are sensitive to that drug
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics ANS: -Only a few types of bacteria are sensitive
-Only affects a few types of bacteria that are sensitive to that drug
Bactericidal action ANS: -Directly lethal to the micro-organism, keeps bacteria from multiplying.
-Effects cell wall
-Types of patients: Immunocompromised
Bacteriostatic action ANS: -Slows the growth of the micro-organism, but the immune-system response
of phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils) actually destroys the bacteria.
-Works in conjunction w/ our immune system.
-Effects protein synthesis
-Types of patients: Patients w/ good immune system. NOT good for someone who is
immunocompromised.
,What Is A Culture? ANS: -Swab, sample of biological material that is assessing for pathogen growth
-Use draw blood serum.
Why Do We Need Cultures? ANS: -Sensitivity bacteria has to the antibiotics.
-To see what the patient is most susceptible to.
-Help reduce antibiotic resistance.
Draw Cultures BEFORE ANS: -Initiating ABX (antibiotic therapy!)
What Education Should We Give Female Patients regarding oral Contraceptives with antibiotics? ANS: -
Use second form of birth control
-Antibiotics reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.
What C-Difficile (C-Diff) looks like ANS: -Diarrhea, watery, foul smell, highly contagious
Oral Thrush ANS: -White, patchy on roof of mouth and side of mouth, overgrowth of candida
Yeast Infection ANS: -a fungal infection that causes irritation, discharge and intense itchiness of the
vagina and the vulva/ overgrowth of candida.
Supra-infections: seen w/ antimicrobials and antibiotics ANS: -With ___ it's a secondary infection that
result from the use of antibiotics.
-We're killing the bad bacteria, but we're also killing off that normal (good) flora that we need.
WBC-what do they tell us? ANS: -�___ indicates infection
-How to indicate infection... In response to treatment - ____ GO ��
, Anti-infectives must travel through _____ to reach the site of infection ANS: -bloodstream
What areas of the body would be difficult for antimicrobials to penetrate? ANS: -Necrotic skin,
granulated tissue, abscess, the brain (blood brain barrier), heart (if underlying disease)
-The brain (blood brain barrier): Endocarditis; very difficult for an antibiotic to travel to wear it go.
What infections would be difficult to treat with antibiotics? ANS: -Meningitis (blood brain barriers)
-Endocarditis
-abscesses
-wounds
Pediatrics and Geriatrics: What do the liver and kidneys do to medications? ANS: -THINK kidneys(BUN,
creatinine)=excretion
-THINK liver(AST, ALT)=metabolism
-They're not going to be excreted as well, they're not going to be metabolized as well for older and
younger pts.
Pediatrics and meds ANS: -Increased toxicity
-underdeveloped organs=not going to be excreted and metabolised as well
-Everything is going to be SLOWER
How do the liver and kidneys change as we get older? ANS: -Function declines
-Build up of med in blood stream>Increase toxicity
-Reduced excretion and metabolism
-Renal/ liver failure
