BIO202 FINAL EXAM GCU QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS|| LATEST UPDATE 2025
3 ways filtration happens at renal corpuscle - ANSWER 1. fenestrated endothelium
(picky)
2. lamina densa (pickier)
3. filtration slits (pickiest)
what is Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER inflammation of the glomeruli that affects the
filtration mechanism of the kidneys
low osmolarity - ANSWER little solute lots of water
high osmolarity - ANSWER lots of solute little bit of water
hydrostatic pressure push or pull? - ANSWER to push
colloid osmotic pressure push or pull? - ANSWER pull
what is the GFR - ANSWER glomerular filtration rate; the amount of filtrate the kidneys
produce each minute
what are the 3 levels of GFR control? - ANSWER 1. auto regulation (local level)
2. autonomic regulation (sympathetic ANS)
3. hormonal regulation (kidneys)
what can reduced blood flow trigger? - ANSWER 1. dilation of afferent arteriole
2. dilation of glomerular capillaries
3. constriction of efferent arterioles
what if there is a rise in renal blood pressure? - ANSWER 1. stretches walls of afferent
arterioles
2. causes juxtaglomerular cells to contract
3. constricts afferent arterioles
4. decreases glomerular blood flow
hormonal regulation of GFR - ANSWER RAAS and ANP/BNP
do protons raise or lower pH? - ANSWER lower, make it more acidic
does bicarbonate raise or lower the pH? - ANSWER raise, make it more basic
in the descending limb fluid flows toward? - ANSWER renal pelvis
, in the ascending limb fluid flows toward? - ANSWER renal cortex
what is the countercurrent multiplier? - ANSWER Loop of Henle
4 processes of the DCT - ANSWER 1. acid/base balance
2. selective reabsorption of Na and Ca
3. maintenance of GFR
4. selective reabsorption of water (ADH)
3 of juxtaglomerular apparatus cell types - ANSWER 1. macula densa
2. juxtaglomerular cells
3. mesangial cells
what determines the final osmotic concentration and volume of urine? - ANSWER ADH
3 main organic waste products - ANSWER 1. Urea-breakdown of amino acids
2. Creatinine-breakdown of creatine phosphate (from cellular respiration)
3. Uric acid-waste product during recycling of RNA
What is urea synthesis? - ANSWER liver converts ammonia to urea which is removed
from blood by kidneys
What is transport maximum? - ANSWER transport rate at saturation
What is the renal threshold? - ANSWER the plasma concentration at which a specific
compound or ion begins to appear in urine
What is glycouria? - ANSWER glucose in the urine
what is aminaciduria? - ANSWER amino acids in the urine
3 P's of diabetes - ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
3 triggers of RAAS - ANSWER 1. blood pressure changes
2. stimulation of juxtaglomerular granular cells
3. decrease in osmolarity of the tubular fluid
what does aldosterone do? - ANSWER decreases Na+ lost in urine, increases K+ loss
in urine, increases H+ loss in urine
layers of bladder???? - ANSWER mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia???
urinary tract infection (UTI) - ANSWER second most common following respiratory
infections, bacteria first infects the urethra, then bladder, and finally the kidneys
What is a gamete? - ANSWER reproductive cell (sperm or oocyte)
ANSWERS|| LATEST UPDATE 2025
3 ways filtration happens at renal corpuscle - ANSWER 1. fenestrated endothelium
(picky)
2. lamina densa (pickier)
3. filtration slits (pickiest)
what is Glomerulonephritis - ANSWER inflammation of the glomeruli that affects the
filtration mechanism of the kidneys
low osmolarity - ANSWER little solute lots of water
high osmolarity - ANSWER lots of solute little bit of water
hydrostatic pressure push or pull? - ANSWER to push
colloid osmotic pressure push or pull? - ANSWER pull
what is the GFR - ANSWER glomerular filtration rate; the amount of filtrate the kidneys
produce each minute
what are the 3 levels of GFR control? - ANSWER 1. auto regulation (local level)
2. autonomic regulation (sympathetic ANS)
3. hormonal regulation (kidneys)
what can reduced blood flow trigger? - ANSWER 1. dilation of afferent arteriole
2. dilation of glomerular capillaries
3. constriction of efferent arterioles
what if there is a rise in renal blood pressure? - ANSWER 1. stretches walls of afferent
arterioles
2. causes juxtaglomerular cells to contract
3. constricts afferent arterioles
4. decreases glomerular blood flow
hormonal regulation of GFR - ANSWER RAAS and ANP/BNP
do protons raise or lower pH? - ANSWER lower, make it more acidic
does bicarbonate raise or lower the pH? - ANSWER raise, make it more basic
in the descending limb fluid flows toward? - ANSWER renal pelvis
, in the ascending limb fluid flows toward? - ANSWER renal cortex
what is the countercurrent multiplier? - ANSWER Loop of Henle
4 processes of the DCT - ANSWER 1. acid/base balance
2. selective reabsorption of Na and Ca
3. maintenance of GFR
4. selective reabsorption of water (ADH)
3 of juxtaglomerular apparatus cell types - ANSWER 1. macula densa
2. juxtaglomerular cells
3. mesangial cells
what determines the final osmotic concentration and volume of urine? - ANSWER ADH
3 main organic waste products - ANSWER 1. Urea-breakdown of amino acids
2. Creatinine-breakdown of creatine phosphate (from cellular respiration)
3. Uric acid-waste product during recycling of RNA
What is urea synthesis? - ANSWER liver converts ammonia to urea which is removed
from blood by kidneys
What is transport maximum? - ANSWER transport rate at saturation
What is the renal threshold? - ANSWER the plasma concentration at which a specific
compound or ion begins to appear in urine
What is glycouria? - ANSWER glucose in the urine
what is aminaciduria? - ANSWER amino acids in the urine
3 P's of diabetes - ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
3 triggers of RAAS - ANSWER 1. blood pressure changes
2. stimulation of juxtaglomerular granular cells
3. decrease in osmolarity of the tubular fluid
what does aldosterone do? - ANSWER decreases Na+ lost in urine, increases K+ loss
in urine, increases H+ loss in urine
layers of bladder???? - ANSWER mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia???
urinary tract infection (UTI) - ANSWER second most common following respiratory
infections, bacteria first infects the urethra, then bladder, and finally the kidneys
What is a gamete? - ANSWER reproductive cell (sperm or oocyte)
