Examl 2:l NURl 201/l NUR201l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Medical-Surgicall Nursingl Il
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Fortis
QUESTION
Potassiuml
Answer:
l 3.l 5-5l majorl ICFl cation,l potassiuml insidel celll andl sodiuml onl the
outside.l Potassiuml isl involvedl promotingl cellularl growth,l Regulatesl acid
basel balance,l maintl ofl cardiacl rhythms,l nerve/musclel cells.l Regulatedl by
thel kidneysl
Hypokalemial
Answer:
l <3.l 5l increasedl shiftl froml ECFl tol ICF
-l
Causes:
vomiting/diarrhea,l fistulas,l NGl suctioning,l ileostomyl drainage,l
renall losses,l diuretics,l magnesiuml depletion,l dialysis,l insulinl therapyl (DKA)
alklosis,l increasedl stress,l lowl diet.l
Manifestations:
fatigue,l musclel weakness,l weakl threadyl pulse,l anxiety,l
constipation,l paresthesisas,l hyperglycemia,l abdominall distention,l flatl T
Waves,l ul wave,l prolongedl qrs,l ventl dysrhythmias.l
Tx:
KCLl infusionl rate-l shouldl notl exceedl 10l meq/hrl *unlessl critical*l always
dilutel dol notl givel concentrated,l usel anl infusionl pump,l neverl crush
potassiuml pills,l NEVERl ivl PUSHl ORl BOLUS,l increasel ofl potassiuml foods
(apricot,l avocado,l banana,l cantaloupe,l tomatoes,l honeyl dew,l orange,l
raisin,l carrots,l potatoes,l spinach,l bran,l granola,l nutsl andl seeds,l yogurt)
,Hyperkalemial
Answer:
l >5l shiftl ofl potassiuml froml ICFl tol ECF,l MOSTl commonl cause
ofl hyperkalemial isl renall failure.l PRECAUTIONl whenl takingl digoxinl with
hyperkalemial canl resultl inl toxicity.l
Causes:
renall failure,l acidosis,l excessl orl rapidl parenterall admin,l adrenal
insufficiency,l meds:l ARBSl (Losartan),l ACE,l postassiuml sparringl diuretics,l
heparin,l NSAIDS.l
Manifestations:
Dysrhythmias/irregularl pulse,l vomiting,l flaccidl paralysis,l
fatigue/musclel cramps,l tetany,l abdominall cramps/diarrhea,l widel qrs,l talll t
waves,l ventl fib.l
TX:
Stopl potassiuml intake,l loop/thiazidel diuretics,l kayexalate/veltessa,l
hemodialysisl withl renall failure,l insulinl withl dextrose,l ivl calcium
chloride/gluconatel forl thel heartl (protects),l ECGl monitoring.l Ifl greaterl than
>5l contactl HCP
QUESTION
Calcium:l
Answer:
l 9-10.l 5l majorl cationl inl bonesl andl teeth,l bloodl clotting,l
myocardial/musclel contractions,l nervel impulses.l Requiresl activel forml of
vitaminl D.l Parathyroidl andl calcitoninl regulatel calciuml levels.l
Hypocalcemial
Answer:
l <9
Causes:
hypoparathyroidism,l pancreatitis,l vitl Dl deficient,l loopl diuretics,l diarrhea,l
alkalosis,l highl phosphatel levels.l
, Manifestations:
Chvostek/trousseausl sign,l tetany/seizues,l numbness/tinglingl in
extremitiesl aroundl lips,l weakness,l dysrhythmias,l ventl tachycardia.l
Tx:
highl inl calciuml dietl andl vitl dl supplementsl (dairy,l cheese,l yogurt,l winter
squash,l sardines,l almonds)l ivl calciuml gluconate,l promotel co2l retentionl (paper
bag)l .l
Hypercalcemia:l
Answer:
l >10.l 5
Causes:
hyperparathyroidism,l cancerl –l multiplel myelomal andl bone,l chemo,l ,l
pagetsl disease,l adrenall insufficient,l thiazidel diuretics,l excessl dairy,l acidosis.l
Manifestations:
lethargy/weakness,l depressedl DTRs,l increasel BP,l constipation,l
renall calculi,l anorexia,l polyuria/polydipsia,l bonel pain,l seizures/comal vent
dysrhythmias.l
Tx:
Lowl calciuml diet,l increasedl wghtl bearingl exercise,l increasedl fluids,l calcitonin
(tachycardia),l bisphosphonatesl (goldl standardl –l alendronate,l zoledronicl acid)
QUESTION
Phosphate:l
Answer:
l 3-4.l 5l primaryl anionl inl ICF,l essentiall tol muscle,l rbc,l andl nervous
system.l ATPl production,l uptakel ofl glucose,l metabolisml ofl carbs,l proteinsl and
fats.l Controlledl byl parathyroidl hormone,l reciprocall relationshipsl withl calcium.l
Involvedl inl acidl basedl bufferingl system.l
Hypophosphatemial
Answer:
2026l Update)l Medical-Surgicall Nursingl Il
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Fortis
QUESTION
Potassiuml
Answer:
l 3.l 5-5l majorl ICFl cation,l potassiuml insidel celll andl sodiuml onl the
outside.l Potassiuml isl involvedl promotingl cellularl growth,l Regulatesl acid
basel balance,l maintl ofl cardiacl rhythms,l nerve/musclel cells.l Regulatedl by
thel kidneysl
Hypokalemial
Answer:
l <3.l 5l increasedl shiftl froml ECFl tol ICF
-l
Causes:
vomiting/diarrhea,l fistulas,l NGl suctioning,l ileostomyl drainage,l
renall losses,l diuretics,l magnesiuml depletion,l dialysis,l insulinl therapyl (DKA)
alklosis,l increasedl stress,l lowl diet.l
Manifestations:
fatigue,l musclel weakness,l weakl threadyl pulse,l anxiety,l
constipation,l paresthesisas,l hyperglycemia,l abdominall distention,l flatl T
Waves,l ul wave,l prolongedl qrs,l ventl dysrhythmias.l
Tx:
KCLl infusionl rate-l shouldl notl exceedl 10l meq/hrl *unlessl critical*l always
dilutel dol notl givel concentrated,l usel anl infusionl pump,l neverl crush
potassiuml pills,l NEVERl ivl PUSHl ORl BOLUS,l increasel ofl potassiuml foods
(apricot,l avocado,l banana,l cantaloupe,l tomatoes,l honeyl dew,l orange,l
raisin,l carrots,l potatoes,l spinach,l bran,l granola,l nutsl andl seeds,l yogurt)
,Hyperkalemial
Answer:
l >5l shiftl ofl potassiuml froml ICFl tol ECF,l MOSTl commonl cause
ofl hyperkalemial isl renall failure.l PRECAUTIONl whenl takingl digoxinl with
hyperkalemial canl resultl inl toxicity.l
Causes:
renall failure,l acidosis,l excessl orl rapidl parenterall admin,l adrenal
insufficiency,l meds:l ARBSl (Losartan),l ACE,l postassiuml sparringl diuretics,l
heparin,l NSAIDS.l
Manifestations:
Dysrhythmias/irregularl pulse,l vomiting,l flaccidl paralysis,l
fatigue/musclel cramps,l tetany,l abdominall cramps/diarrhea,l widel qrs,l talll t
waves,l ventl fib.l
TX:
Stopl potassiuml intake,l loop/thiazidel diuretics,l kayexalate/veltessa,l
hemodialysisl withl renall failure,l insulinl withl dextrose,l ivl calcium
chloride/gluconatel forl thel heartl (protects),l ECGl monitoring.l Ifl greaterl than
>5l contactl HCP
QUESTION
Calcium:l
Answer:
l 9-10.l 5l majorl cationl inl bonesl andl teeth,l bloodl clotting,l
myocardial/musclel contractions,l nervel impulses.l Requiresl activel forml of
vitaminl D.l Parathyroidl andl calcitoninl regulatel calciuml levels.l
Hypocalcemial
Answer:
l <9
Causes:
hypoparathyroidism,l pancreatitis,l vitl Dl deficient,l loopl diuretics,l diarrhea,l
alkalosis,l highl phosphatel levels.l
, Manifestations:
Chvostek/trousseausl sign,l tetany/seizues,l numbness/tinglingl in
extremitiesl aroundl lips,l weakness,l dysrhythmias,l ventl tachycardia.l
Tx:
highl inl calciuml dietl andl vitl dl supplementsl (dairy,l cheese,l yogurt,l winter
squash,l sardines,l almonds)l ivl calciuml gluconate,l promotel co2l retentionl (paper
bag)l .l
Hypercalcemia:l
Answer:
l >10.l 5
Causes:
hyperparathyroidism,l cancerl –l multiplel myelomal andl bone,l chemo,l ,l
pagetsl disease,l adrenall insufficient,l thiazidel diuretics,l excessl dairy,l acidosis.l
Manifestations:
lethargy/weakness,l depressedl DTRs,l increasel BP,l constipation,l
renall calculi,l anorexia,l polyuria/polydipsia,l bonel pain,l seizures/comal vent
dysrhythmias.l
Tx:
Lowl calciuml diet,l increasedl wghtl bearingl exercise,l increasedl fluids,l calcitonin
(tachycardia),l bisphosphonatesl (goldl standardl –l alendronate,l zoledronicl acid)
QUESTION
Phosphate:l
Answer:
l 3-4.l 5l primaryl anionl inl ICF,l essentiall tol muscle,l rbc,l andl nervous
system.l ATPl production,l uptakel ofl glucose,l metabolisml ofl carbs,l proteinsl and
fats.l Controlledl byl parathyroidl hormone,l reciprocall relationshipsl withl calcium.l
Involvedl inl acidl basedl bufferingl system.l
Hypophosphatemial
Answer:
