NU 606 EXAM 1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION

NU 606 EXAM 1 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST 2025/2026 ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT SOLUTIONS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION 1. Pathophysiology - ANSWER the study of functional or physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes 2. Disease - ANSWER definite pathological processes with characteristic signs and symptoms 3. Diagnosis - ANSWER identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, lab tests or other tools 4. Etiology - ANSWER cause of disease 5. Idiopathic - ANSWER pertaining to disease of unknown origin 6. Iatrogenic - ANSWER when treatment, procedure or error cause disease 7. Predisposing factor - ANSWER the tendencies that promote development of disease in an individual 8. Prohpylaxis - ANSWER a measure designed to preserve health and to prevent spread of disease 9. Prevention - ANSWER closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors, includes vaccinations, dietary or lifestyle modifications 10. Pathogenesis - ANSWER the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process 11. Onset - ANSWER the beginning of disease may be acute or insidious 12. Acute - ANSWER New, usually of rapid onset and of concern, opposite of chronic, marked signs such as fever or severe pain 13. Chronic - ANSWER milder condition that develops gradually but that persists for a long time and usually causes more permanent tissue damage 14. Subclinical - ANSWER some conditions in which pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations, perhaps because of the great reserve capacity of some organs 15. Latent or silent - ANSWER no clinical signs are evident, characterizes some diseases 16. Prodromal - ANSWER comprises the time in early disease development when one is aware of change in the body but the signs are nonspecific such as fatigue or appetite changes 17. True positive - ANSWER the patient has the disease and the test is positive 18. True negative - ANSWER the patient does not have the disease and the test is negative 19. False positive - ANSWER A false positive test result is one that detects the condition when the condition is absent 20. False negative - ANSWER test result is one that does not detect the condition when the condition is present 21. Predictive value - ANSWER extent to which a test can differentiate between presence or absence of a person's condition 22. Margins of error - ANSWER a statistic expressing the confidence interval associated with a given measurement; it is an allowance for a slight miscalculation or an acceptable deviation. The larger the margin of error for the sample data, the less confidence one has that the results obtained are accurate for the entire population of interest 23. Epidemiology - ANSWER study of the patterns of disease involving populations; examining the occurrence, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of diseases in large groups of populations/people 24. Endemic - ANSWER A disease theat is native to a local region 25. Epidemic - ANSWER When a disease is disseninated to many individals at the same time (spread to many people at the same time) 26. Pandemic - ANSWER Epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide. (spread to large geographic areas) 27. Homeostasis - ANSWER A state of being in which all systems are in balance around a articular ideal "set-point" 28. Exhausation - ANSWER Point where body can no longer return to homeostasis following a prolonged exposure to noxious agents 29. Allostatic Overload - ANSWER "Cost" of body's organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body 30. Adaptation - ANSWER Adaptation: biopsychosocial process of change in response to new or altered circumstances, internal or external in origin Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using culturally based coping mechanisms Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably 31. Arousal - ANSWER Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity 32. Function of Cortisol - ANSWER Primary glucocorticoid Affects protein metabolism Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors Has anti-inflammatory effects Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines 33. Endocrine Communication - ANSWER Hormones traveling in the bloodstream Long range signaling 34. Neurocrine Communication - ANSWER Neurons firing information through synapses Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell 35. Paracrine Communcation - ANSWER Signaling through the extraceullar fluid between cells in a tissue Localized areas of communication 36. Autocrine Communcation - ANSWER Localized signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell Feedback to self 37. Describe an Action Potential - ANSWER Rapid, self-propagating electrical excitations of the membrane Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in response to voltage changes across the membrane Triggered by membrane depolarization Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of membrane. The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out. Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx *Na+* initiates the action potential *Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)* 38. Describe a Resting Action Potential - ANSWER Electrical charge when there is no net ion movement across plasma membrane Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+] This is dominated by potassium (K+) 39. Take Home Message About Action Potentials - ANSWER Resting Membrane Potential Dominated by K+ Upstroke of Action Potential -- Na+ Repolarization -- K+ In cardiac tissue, plateau -- Ca++ 40. Cause of disease - ANSWER Etiology 41. Increased in size of individual cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass - ANSWER hypertrophy 42. Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type - ANSWER Metaplasia 43. Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type - ANSWER Anaplasia 44. Decrease in cell size - ANSWER Atrophy 45. Normal cellular genes that when altered by mutation becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer - ANSWER Protooncogenes 46. A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them. - ANSWER Cancer 47. Benign fatty tumor - ANSWER Lipoma 48. A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue - ANSWER Adenoma 49. A sarcoma in which the predominant cell type is a malignant fibroblast. - ANSWER Fibrosarcoma 50. Malignant tumor of connective tissue - ANSWER Sarcoma 51. Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities. - ANSWER Epithelial tissue 52. A type of cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen - ANSWER Fibroblast 53. Type of cancer that starts in mucus-producing glandular cells of the body - ANSWER Adenocarcinoma 54. Considered a systemic sign of disease: - ANSWER systemic disorders, such as high blood pressure, or systemic diseases, such as the flu, affect the entire body. An infection that is in the bloodstream is called a systemic infection. 55. Etiology is defined as the study of the: - ANSWER causes disease 56. Manifestations of a disease. - ANSWER Clinical evidence or effects, the signs and symptoms of disease. 57. A deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called: - ANSWER ischemia 58. Apoptosis. - ANSWER Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a crucial role in normal differentiation and development. For example, in a human embryo, apoptosis allows for the removal of tissue between newly developing fingers and toes. 59. Necrosis. - ANSWER Necrosis is a progressive failure of essential metabolic and structural cell components usually in the cytoplasm . Necrosis generally involves a group of contiguous cells or occurs at the tissue level 60. When a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called: - ANSWER Cell death occurs mainly by two methods: necrosis and apoptosis . 61. Hypoxia. - ANSWER condition of deficient oxygen (to the tissues) 62. Rigorous weight lifting/body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells - ANSWER hypertrophy. 63. Hypertrophy. - ANSWER the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells 64. Dysplasia. - ANSWER Dysplasia is a broad term that refers to the abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs. It can lead to a wide range of conditions that involve enlarged tissue or pre-cancerous cells 65. Regeneration. - ANSWER Regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells 66. The term cancer refers to: - ANSWER malignant neoplasm 67. Dysplasia. - ANSWER abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs 68. Hyperplasia. - ANSWER the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues 69. Metaplasia. - ANSWER changing from one type of mature tissue to another 70. Malignant neoplasm. - ANSWER disease of the cell characterized by abnormal function, growth and dissemination of affected cells. Usually poses a life threating occurance. 71. To which of the following does the term apoptosis refer? - ANSWER Find the definition 72. Increased rate of mitosis by certain cells - ANSWER Find the definition 73. Ischemic damage to cells - ANSWER Find the definition 74. Liquefaction of necrotic tissue - ANSWER Find the definition. 75. Preprogrammed cell self-destruction - ANSWER Find the definition 76. Alteration of DNA does not change cell function. - ANSWER Find the T or false? 77. Damaged cells may be able to repair themselves. - ANSWER T or F? 78. All types of cells die at the same rate. - ANSWER T or F 79. Mild ischemia causes immediate cell death. - ANSWER T or F 80. Caseation necrosis refers to an area where: - ANSWER Fill in the Blank 81. cell proteins have been denatured. - ANSWER T or F 82. cell are liquefied by enzymes. - ANSWER T or F 83. dead cells form a thick cheesy substance. - ANSWER T or F 84. bacterial invasion has occured when..... - ANSWER fill in the Blank 85. Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of: - ANSWER Fill in the Blank 86. an iatrogenic cause of cancer? - ANSWER 87. a preventive measure. is called? - ANSWER name that... 88. a precipitating factor. - ANSWER condition that triggers an acute episode 89. a predisposing condition. - ANSWER A 90. A circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed: - ANSWER ? name that 91. latent stage. - ANSWER An initial time period in which no clinical signs are evident, also referred to as the "silent" stage 92. predisposing factor. - ANSWER makes the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease 93. incidence. - ANSWER Casual occurrence. 94. The term homeostasis refers to: - ANSWER maintenance of a stable internal environment 95. the causative factors in a particular disease. - ANSWER etiology 96. maintenance of a stable internal environment. - ANSWER What is homeostasis? 97. Apopotis - ANSWER Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology)