ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATION
AREADY GRADED A+.
Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mitral
valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts against the
increased resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--and output from
the left ventricle begins to decline. If the left ventricle were to undergo
adaptation, what would it most likely be?
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. metaplasia. - CorreCt Answers -A
Which of the following is not characteristic of cellular dysplasia?
a. variation in size and shape of cells
b. small, pale nuclei
c. disorderly arrangement of cells
d. preneoplastic change - CorreCt Answers -B
If a normal individual began to take cortisol 100 mgs. every day as a
medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the adrenal gland
b. hyperplasia of the adrenal gland
c. atrophy of the adrenal gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal gland - CorreCt Answers -C
,If a normal individual began to take thyroid hormone 100 mcgs. every day
as a medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
b. hyperplasia of the thyroid gland
c. atrophy of the thyroid gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland - CorreCt Answers -B
Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it
results in which of the following?
a. increased production of free fatty acids
b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides
c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to
apoproteins - CorreCt Answers -A
Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry
gangrene?
a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene.
b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from
venous stasis.
c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs. - CorreCt Answers -E
Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis?
a. Bcl-2
,b. apaf-1
c. caspase 9
d. cytochrome c
e. HLA 2 - CorreCt Answers -E
Some cancer-causing viruses are able to protect the cells that they
transform from undergoing apoptosis by interfering with the action of the
apoptosis promoter called:
a. TNF-alpha.
b. Fas.
c. p53.
d. IL-2.
e. INF-beta. - CorreCt Answers -C
Which of the following diseases is thought to be related to free radical
damage?
a. osteoarthritis
b. detached retina
c. cerebral aneurysm
d. cancer - CorreCt Answers -D
Which of the following enzymes, released from dying cells, may indicate
problems in the liver?
a. alanine aminotransferase
b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase
d. all of the above
, e. none of the above - CorreCt Answers -D
Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine-generating
cells in the midbrain in Parkinson's Disease may be related to oxidative
stress due to a decrease in the amount of glutathione in the midbrain. The
best explanation for this theory is which of the following?
a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development.
b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical
production.
c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by
glutathione.
d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation.
- CorreCt Answers -C
Which of the following is(are) true regarding aging?
a. may involve an increase in autoantibodies
b. may result from damage accumulation
c. both are true
d. neither is true - CorreCt Answers -C
In theories of aging, cross-linking implies which of the following?
a. The lifespan and number of times a cell can replicate are
preprogrammed.
b. The number of cell doublings is limited.
c. There is oxygen toxicity.
d. Cell permeability decreases. - CorreCt Answers -D
CORRECT ANSWERS WITH EXPLANATION
AREADY GRADED A+.
Your patient has a long history of mitral stenosis (narrowing of the mitral
valve). As the years go by, the left atrium, which contracts against the
increased resistance of the stenotic valve, begins to fail--and output from
the left ventricle begins to decline. If the left ventricle were to undergo
adaptation, what would it most likely be?
a. atrophy.
b. hypertrophy.
c. hyperplasia.
d. metaplasia. - CorreCt Answers -A
Which of the following is not characteristic of cellular dysplasia?
a. variation in size and shape of cells
b. small, pale nuclei
c. disorderly arrangement of cells
d. preneoplastic change - CorreCt Answers -B
If a normal individual began to take cortisol 100 mgs. every day as a
medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the adrenal gland
b. hyperplasia of the adrenal gland
c. atrophy of the adrenal gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the adrenal gland - CorreCt Answers -C
,If a normal individual began to take thyroid hormone 100 mcgs. every day
as a medication, which of the following would result?
a. hypertrophy of the thyroid gland
b. hyperplasia of the thyroid gland
c. atrophy of the thyroid gland
d. hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland - CorreCt Answers -B
Chronic alcoholism can result in the development of a fatty liver because it
results in which of the following?
a. increased production of free fatty acids
b. increased conversion of free fatty acids to triglycerides
c. decreased oxidation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
d. decreased binding of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids to
apoproteins - CorreCt Answers -A
Which of the following is the primary difference between wet and dry
gangrene?
a. Infection and inflammation are present in wet gangrene.
b. Wet gangrene results from arterial occlusion and dry gangrene from
venous stasis.
c. Dry gangrene involves the presence of Clostridium perfringens.
d. Wet gangrene occurs only in internal organs. - CorreCt Answers -E
Which of the following components is not involved in apoptosis?
a. Bcl-2
,b. apaf-1
c. caspase 9
d. cytochrome c
e. HLA 2 - CorreCt Answers -E
Some cancer-causing viruses are able to protect the cells that they
transform from undergoing apoptosis by interfering with the action of the
apoptosis promoter called:
a. TNF-alpha.
b. Fas.
c. p53.
d. IL-2.
e. INF-beta. - CorreCt Answers -C
Which of the following diseases is thought to be related to free radical
damage?
a. osteoarthritis
b. detached retina
c. cerebral aneurysm
d. cancer - CorreCt Answers -D
Which of the following enzymes, released from dying cells, may indicate
problems in the liver?
a. alanine aminotransferase
b. aspartate aminotransferase c. alkaline phosphatase
d. all of the above
, e. none of the above - CorreCt Answers -D
Researchers hypothesize that the disappearance of dopamine-generating
cells in the midbrain in Parkinson's Disease may be related to oxidative
stress due to a decrease in the amount of glutathione in the midbrain. The
best explanation for this theory is which of the following?
a. DNA synthesis requires glutathione for optimal development.
b. Dopamine synthesis requires glutathione to prevent free radical
production.
c. Free radicals produced via dopamine synthesis are neutralized by
glutathione.
d. Glutathione is needed for entry of dopamine into the cerebral circulation.
- CorreCt Answers -C
Which of the following is(are) true regarding aging?
a. may involve an increase in autoantibodies
b. may result from damage accumulation
c. both are true
d. neither is true - CorreCt Answers -C
In theories of aging, cross-linking implies which of the following?
a. The lifespan and number of times a cell can replicate are
preprogrammed.
b. The number of cell doublings is limited.
c. There is oxygen toxicity.
d. Cell permeability decreases. - CorreCt Answers -D
