COMLEX Level 2 biostats + ethics-Questions with
100% Correct Answers
Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the patient's treatment type.
Observational bias
Bias introduced when screening detects a diseae earlier and thus lengthens the time from
diagnosis to death.
Lead-time bias
If you want to know if geographical location affects infant mortality rate but most variation in
infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, then socioeconomic status is a _____.
Confounding variable/factor
The proportion of people who have the disease and test positive is known as the ___.
sensitivity
Sensitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule ___ a disease.
Out (i.e. PPD test)
Chronic diseases such as SLE. Higher prevalence or incidence?
Higher prevalence
Epidemics such as influenza. Higher prevalence or incidence?
Higher incidence
Incidence or prevalence: Cross-sectional study.
Prevalence
Incidence or prevalence: Cohort study.
Incidence and prevalence
,Incidence or prevalence: Case-control study.
Neither.
A test that consistently gives identical wrong results is ___ reliability/precision and ___
validity/accuracy.
high, low
An ___ ratio is an estimate of relative risk when the disease prevalence is low.
Odds
What is the difference in risk in the exposed and unexposed groups called?
Attributable risk
The most common cancer in men is ___.
prostate cancer
Most common cause of cancer death in men is ___.
lung cancer
What is the percentage of cases within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean?
68%; 95.4%; 99.7%
Birth rate is number of live births per ___ in 1 year.
1000
Death rate is number of deaths per ___ in 1 year.
1000
Neonatal mortality rate is the number of deaths from births to ___ days per 1000 live births
in 1 year.
28
, Infants mortality rate is the number of deaths from births to ___ year per 1000 live births in 1
year.
1
Maternal mortality rate is the number of deaths during pregnancy to ___ days postpartum
per 100,000 live births in 1 year.
42
True or False: Once patients sign a statement giving consent, they must continue treatment.
False, patients may change their minds at any time (exceptions to the requirment of informed
consent include emergency situations and patients without decision-making capacity)
A 15 year old pregnant girl requires hospitalization for preeclampsia. Is parental consent
required?
No, parental consent is not necessary for the medical treatment of pregnant minors
Can a doctor refer a patient for an MRI at a facility he/she owns?
No, because conflict of interest
Involuntary psychiatric hospitalizationcan be undertaken for which three reasons?
(1) danger to self (2) danger to others (3) The patient is gravely disabled
True or False: It is more difficult to justify the withdrawal of futile care that to have withheld
the treatment in the first place.
False, withdrawing a nonbeneficial treatment is ethically similar to withholding a nonindicated
one.
Can a mother can refuse to allow her child to be vaccinated?
Yes (parent has the right to refuse treatment for his/her child as long as it dose not pose a
serious threat to the well-being of the child)
100% Correct Answers
Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the patient's treatment type.
Observational bias
Bias introduced when screening detects a diseae earlier and thus lengthens the time from
diagnosis to death.
Lead-time bias
If you want to know if geographical location affects infant mortality rate but most variation in
infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, then socioeconomic status is a _____.
Confounding variable/factor
The proportion of people who have the disease and test positive is known as the ___.
sensitivity
Sensitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule ___ a disease.
Out (i.e. PPD test)
Chronic diseases such as SLE. Higher prevalence or incidence?
Higher prevalence
Epidemics such as influenza. Higher prevalence or incidence?
Higher incidence
Incidence or prevalence: Cross-sectional study.
Prevalence
Incidence or prevalence: Cohort study.
Incidence and prevalence
,Incidence or prevalence: Case-control study.
Neither.
A test that consistently gives identical wrong results is ___ reliability/precision and ___
validity/accuracy.
high, low
An ___ ratio is an estimate of relative risk when the disease prevalence is low.
Odds
What is the difference in risk in the exposed and unexposed groups called?
Attributable risk
The most common cancer in men is ___.
prostate cancer
Most common cause of cancer death in men is ___.
lung cancer
What is the percentage of cases within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean?
68%; 95.4%; 99.7%
Birth rate is number of live births per ___ in 1 year.
1000
Death rate is number of deaths per ___ in 1 year.
1000
Neonatal mortality rate is the number of deaths from births to ___ days per 1000 live births
in 1 year.
28
, Infants mortality rate is the number of deaths from births to ___ year per 1000 live births in 1
year.
1
Maternal mortality rate is the number of deaths during pregnancy to ___ days postpartum
per 100,000 live births in 1 year.
42
True or False: Once patients sign a statement giving consent, they must continue treatment.
False, patients may change their minds at any time (exceptions to the requirment of informed
consent include emergency situations and patients without decision-making capacity)
A 15 year old pregnant girl requires hospitalization for preeclampsia. Is parental consent
required?
No, parental consent is not necessary for the medical treatment of pregnant minors
Can a doctor refer a patient for an MRI at a facility he/she owns?
No, because conflict of interest
Involuntary psychiatric hospitalizationcan be undertaken for which three reasons?
(1) danger to self (2) danger to others (3) The patient is gravely disabled
True or False: It is more difficult to justify the withdrawal of futile care that to have withheld
the treatment in the first place.
False, withdrawing a nonbeneficial treatment is ethically similar to withholding a nonindicated
one.
Can a mother can refuse to allow her child to be vaccinated?
Yes (parent has the right to refuse treatment for his/her child as long as it dose not pose a
serious threat to the well-being of the child)
