AC-HPAT (BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, MATH) EXAM 2025 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
(PROFESSOR VERIFIED) / ALREADY GRADED A+
When naming carboxylic acids -CORRECT ANSWERfind the longest continuous carbon atom
chain contianing the carboxylic acid group
What is the prefix in carboxylic acids? -CORRECT ANSWER-oate
To name an ester, -CORRECT ANSWERidentify the alkyl group that is in the 'alcohol' portion
of the molecule and name it; then identify the acid part of the molecule. The ester is named
with the alkyl part first, and the acid part is named as a carboxylate.
The terms ortho, meta, and para are used when benzene derivatives possess -CORRECT
ANSWERexact 2 subsituents
Is a structure with more or less covalent bonds more stable? -CORRECT ANSWERMore
covalent bonds is more stable
What is the downside to separation of charges? -CORRECT ANSWERSeparation of charges
cost energy and results in a less stable resonance contributor
What does the nitrate ion look like lewis structure? -CORRECT ANSWER
The bonding pi orbital is lower in energy than antibonding orbital (T/F)? -CORRECT
ANSWERTrue
,The sigma orbital is lower in energy than the pi orbital (T/F)? -CORRECT ANSWERTrue
How do you prepare epoxides? -CORRECT ANSWERReagent is peracid (COOOH) ; alkene to
an epoxide; maintain stereochemistry
What are the reagents of hydroboration of alkenes? -CORRECT ANSWERBH3, Et2O
What is anti-markovnikov? -CORRECT ANSWERWhen the H adds to the carbon with the
fewest attached hydrogens
What is syn -CORRECT ANSWERH and B add to the same face of the alkene.
What is markovnikov? -CORRECT ANSWERHalide component of HX bonds adds to the more
highly substitued carbon, whereas the hydrogen prefers the carbon which already contains
more hydrogens.
What is aromatic sulfonation? -CORRECT ANSWERreagent is h2so4, heat or so3 (fuming
h2so4)
What is an activating group? -CORRECT ANSWEROrtho or para directing
What is a deactivating group? -CORRECT ANSWERmeta directing
What are examples of activating EDG? -CORRECT ANSWERO, NR2, NH3, OH, OR, NHCOR,
OCOR, R, BENZENE, C=CR2,
What are deactivating EWG? -CORRECT ANSWER-X, COH, COR, COOR, COOH, COCL, CF3,
CN, HSO3-, NH3+ NR3+, NO2+
,EDG ______ the rate of reaction -CORRECT ANSWERincrease
EWG ________ the rate of reaction -CORRECT ANSWERdecrease
What are resonance effects? -CORRECT ANSWERThose that occur through the pi system
and can be represented by resonance structures
What are inductive effects? -CORRECT ANSWERThose that occur through the sigma system
due to electronegativeity type effects.
What does EDG do? -CORRECT ANSWERAtoms adjacent to the pi system activate the
aromatic ring by increasing the electron density on the ring through a resonance donating
effect. (ortho-para directing)
What does an EWG do? -CORRECT ANSWEREWGs with pi bonds to electronegative atoms
adjacent to the pi system deactivate the aromatic ring by decreasing the electron density on the
ring through a resonance withdrawing effect. (meta directing)
Halogens are deacitvaitng but have both -CORRECT ANSWERinductive electron
withdrawing and resonance donating (electronegativity and lone pair donation)
What is the aldol condensation reaction? -CORRECT ANSWERreaction in which an enol or
an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a beta hydroxyaldehyde or b-
hydroxyketone, followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone.
How does one transform a fischer projection into a cyclic ring in chair conformation? -
CORRECT ANSWERFreely rotate the bonds (change the position of the OH and CH2OH in
the fischer projection, then the oyxgen-H bond will nucleophilically attack the carbon, kick the
double bond of the oxygen to the oxygen to form an oxygen anion and then get protonated by a
, hydrogen from the alcohol gorup used to nucleophilically attack the carbon. (mechanism is in
notebook)
What reaction uses BuLi? -CORRECT ANSWERCorrey Fuches
What is the starting and end product of the Ph3P, Br- ? -CORRECT ANSWERketone; alkene
What is LiAlh4? -CORRECT ANSWERA reducing agent; carboxylic acid and ester can be
reduced by this in addtiiton to aldehydes or ketones
What happens in a free-radical additon of H-Br to alkenes? (HBr RO-OR) -CORRECT
ANSWERantiadditon or syn addition of H and Br. Antimarkovnikov.
Enolate (ester) --> ketone -CORRECT ANSWERNaOEt --> PhCh2Br --> H3O+, heat (Remove
CO2)
What is saponification? -CORRECT ANSWERis the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters.
Example: The chemical reaction between any fat and sodium hydroxide is a saponification
reaction. triglyceride + sodium hydroxide (or potassium hydroxide) → glycerol + 3 soap
molecules
Carbonyl attack
What is a Grignard reagent? -CORRECT ANSWERan organometallic chemical reaction in
which alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) add to a carbonyl group in an
aldehyde or ketone. This reaction is an important tool for the formation of carbon-carbon
bonds.
How do you prepare a Grignard reagent? -CORRECT ANSWERTreat magnesium, and then
you treat the Grignard with a strong acid. This gives you the alkane. You can also use this to
introduce deuterium (D) into molecules! The first step is to make the Grignard reagent
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS
(PROFESSOR VERIFIED) / ALREADY GRADED A+
When naming carboxylic acids -CORRECT ANSWERfind the longest continuous carbon atom
chain contianing the carboxylic acid group
What is the prefix in carboxylic acids? -CORRECT ANSWER-oate
To name an ester, -CORRECT ANSWERidentify the alkyl group that is in the 'alcohol' portion
of the molecule and name it; then identify the acid part of the molecule. The ester is named
with the alkyl part first, and the acid part is named as a carboxylate.
The terms ortho, meta, and para are used when benzene derivatives possess -CORRECT
ANSWERexact 2 subsituents
Is a structure with more or less covalent bonds more stable? -CORRECT ANSWERMore
covalent bonds is more stable
What is the downside to separation of charges? -CORRECT ANSWERSeparation of charges
cost energy and results in a less stable resonance contributor
What does the nitrate ion look like lewis structure? -CORRECT ANSWER
The bonding pi orbital is lower in energy than antibonding orbital (T/F)? -CORRECT
ANSWERTrue
,The sigma orbital is lower in energy than the pi orbital (T/F)? -CORRECT ANSWERTrue
How do you prepare epoxides? -CORRECT ANSWERReagent is peracid (COOOH) ; alkene to
an epoxide; maintain stereochemistry
What are the reagents of hydroboration of alkenes? -CORRECT ANSWERBH3, Et2O
What is anti-markovnikov? -CORRECT ANSWERWhen the H adds to the carbon with the
fewest attached hydrogens
What is syn -CORRECT ANSWERH and B add to the same face of the alkene.
What is markovnikov? -CORRECT ANSWERHalide component of HX bonds adds to the more
highly substitued carbon, whereas the hydrogen prefers the carbon which already contains
more hydrogens.
What is aromatic sulfonation? -CORRECT ANSWERreagent is h2so4, heat or so3 (fuming
h2so4)
What is an activating group? -CORRECT ANSWEROrtho or para directing
What is a deactivating group? -CORRECT ANSWERmeta directing
What are examples of activating EDG? -CORRECT ANSWERO, NR2, NH3, OH, OR, NHCOR,
OCOR, R, BENZENE, C=CR2,
What are deactivating EWG? -CORRECT ANSWER-X, COH, COR, COOR, COOH, COCL, CF3,
CN, HSO3-, NH3+ NR3+, NO2+
,EDG ______ the rate of reaction -CORRECT ANSWERincrease
EWG ________ the rate of reaction -CORRECT ANSWERdecrease
What are resonance effects? -CORRECT ANSWERThose that occur through the pi system
and can be represented by resonance structures
What are inductive effects? -CORRECT ANSWERThose that occur through the sigma system
due to electronegativeity type effects.
What does EDG do? -CORRECT ANSWERAtoms adjacent to the pi system activate the
aromatic ring by increasing the electron density on the ring through a resonance donating
effect. (ortho-para directing)
What does an EWG do? -CORRECT ANSWEREWGs with pi bonds to electronegative atoms
adjacent to the pi system deactivate the aromatic ring by decreasing the electron density on the
ring through a resonance withdrawing effect. (meta directing)
Halogens are deacitvaitng but have both -CORRECT ANSWERinductive electron
withdrawing and resonance donating (electronegativity and lone pair donation)
What is the aldol condensation reaction? -CORRECT ANSWERreaction in which an enol or
an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a beta hydroxyaldehyde or b-
hydroxyketone, followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone.
How does one transform a fischer projection into a cyclic ring in chair conformation? -
CORRECT ANSWERFreely rotate the bonds (change the position of the OH and CH2OH in
the fischer projection, then the oyxgen-H bond will nucleophilically attack the carbon, kick the
double bond of the oxygen to the oxygen to form an oxygen anion and then get protonated by a
, hydrogen from the alcohol gorup used to nucleophilically attack the carbon. (mechanism is in
notebook)
What reaction uses BuLi? -CORRECT ANSWERCorrey Fuches
What is the starting and end product of the Ph3P, Br- ? -CORRECT ANSWERketone; alkene
What is LiAlh4? -CORRECT ANSWERA reducing agent; carboxylic acid and ester can be
reduced by this in addtiiton to aldehydes or ketones
What happens in a free-radical additon of H-Br to alkenes? (HBr RO-OR) -CORRECT
ANSWERantiadditon or syn addition of H and Br. Antimarkovnikov.
Enolate (ester) --> ketone -CORRECT ANSWERNaOEt --> PhCh2Br --> H3O+, heat (Remove
CO2)
What is saponification? -CORRECT ANSWERis the alkaline hydrolysis of the fatty acid esters.
Example: The chemical reaction between any fat and sodium hydroxide is a saponification
reaction. triglyceride + sodium hydroxide (or potassium hydroxide) → glycerol + 3 soap
molecules
Carbonyl attack
What is a Grignard reagent? -CORRECT ANSWERan organometallic chemical reaction in
which alkyl, vinyl, or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) add to a carbonyl group in an
aldehyde or ketone. This reaction is an important tool for the formation of carbon-carbon
bonds.
How do you prepare a Grignard reagent? -CORRECT ANSWERTreat magnesium, and then
you treat the Grignard with a strong acid. This gives you the alkane. You can also use this to
introduce deuterium (D) into molecules! The first step is to make the Grignard reagent
