2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
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1. Ethics - ANSWER ✓ Personal values of the researcher may affect what
problems to study, what people to observe, what research design to select, or
what type of media used to distribute the research.
2. Evaluation research - ANSWER ✓ research assessing the effect of policies
and programs.
- Evaluation research assesses the effect of policies and programs on
society.
- Research aiming to evaluate the sales potential of a product or service
is called market research.
3. Generalization - ANSWER ✓ applying information obtained on a small
sample of units (such as people) to a larger population of the units.
- is the ability to draw conclusions from specific data and to apply them
to a broader population
4. Hawthorne effect - ANSWER ✓ the effect of the research process itself on
the groups or individuals being studied; hence, the act of studying them
often itself changes them.
5. Hypothesis - ANSWER ✓ a statement about what one expects to find in
research.
, - Predictions about the relationships between dependent and
independent variables. (May be the answer to the question)
6. Independent variable - ANSWER ✓ a variable that is the presumed cause of
a particular result (see dependent variable).
- The variable expected to account for the dependent variable
- The "cause" of
7. Occurs earlier in time than the dependent variables
8. Indicato - ANSWER ✓ something that points to or reflects an abstract
concept.
9. Inductive reasoning - ANSWER ✓ the process of arriving at general
conclusions from specific observations.
10.Informant - ANSWER ✓ in covert participant observation research, a single
group member - who provides "inside" information about the group being
studied.
11.Informed consent - ANSWER ✓ a formal acknowledgment by research
subjects (respondents) that they understand the purpose of the research and
agree to be studied.
12.Mean - ANSWER ✓ the sum of a set of values divided by the number of
cases from which the values are obtained; an average.
13.Median - ANSWER ✓ The middle number in a given sequence of numbers.
14.Mode - ANSWER ✓ the most frequently appearing score among a set of
scores.
15.Overt participant observation - ANSWER ✓ the form of participant
observation wherein the observed individuals are told that they are being
studied.
16.Religiosity - ANSWER ✓ Is the interest and consistency of practice of faith.
,17.Sociological Theories of Religion - ANSWER ✓ What holds Society
Together?
- Emile Durkheim: Religion is Functional for Society
- Weber: Protestant Faith Supports Capitalism
- Karl Marx: Religion is a tool for Class Oppression
18.Churches - ANSWER ✓ Are formal organizations and are seen by society as
the primary and legitimate religious institutions.
19.Sects - ANSWER ✓ Have broken off from an established church.
20.Cults - ANSWER ✓ Are religious groups devoted to a specific cause or
charismatic leader.
21.What is Education - ANSWER ✓ Social institution through which society
provides its members important knowledge • Highly formalized: regulated
by government
• Informal practices: traditions , religion
22.What is Schooling - ANSWER ✓ Formal instruction under the direction of
specially trained teachers
23.Schooling and Economic Development - ANSWER ✓ • Extent of schooling
tied to level of economic development. • Limited schooling in low income
countries
• Worldwide, almost 1/3 of all children never reach secondary
grades.
• About one-sixth of the world people cannot read or write.
•Reading and writing skills are widespread in high-income countries, where
illiteracy rates generally are below 5 percent
24.Schooling and Society - ANSWER ✓ U.S. is among first country to set goal
of mass education
•By 1918, all states had passed a mandatory education law requiring children
to attend school until the age of sixteen or completion of the eighth grade.
•Shaped by high standard of living and democratic principles
•Tries to promote equal opportunity and practical learning
•In the 19th century, many states didn't't require education for everyone
, •Until the early 20th century, girls were not expected to get an education
past primary school.
25.Structure of Education - ANSWER ✓ Three kinds of education in the United
States:
(1) - public education (including charter schools)
(2) - Private education
(3) - Home schooling
26.Any differences between homeschool and publicly schooled children in
academic achievement disappear over time.
•The u.s. is no longer on the top of the list in global education
•It spends more on students from higher socioeconomic background?
27.Brown v. Board of Education - ANSWER ✓ 1954 Supreme Court decision
that ruled separate but equal public facilities to be unconstitutional.
28.Cultural capital - ANSWER ✓ Cultural Resources that are socially
designated as being worthy and that give advantages to groups poses
· individualized education programs =
· Theoretical Perspectives=
29.Functionalist Theory
(Education ) - ANSWER ✓ in sociology argues that education accomplishes
important "functions, "for a society:
-Socialization
-Occupational Training
-Social Control
-Cultural innovation
30.Conflict Theory
(Education ) - ANSWER ✓ emphasizes the power and inequality that are
part of education as a social institution.
•Inequality in education occurs along numerous lines, with class, race, and
gender among the most influential.
•Social control
•Standardized testing
•School tracking
31.Symbolic Interaction Theory