MN 551 PRACTICE TEST EXAMS 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Which of the following statements best conveys an aspect of the process
ofkeratinization?
A) Keratin cells synthesized in the dermis migrate to the surface over 20 to 30 days.
B) Mitosis that begins with the cells of the stratum granulosum results in a
continualsupply of new keratinocytes.
C) The stratum germinativum continuously produces new keratinocytes to
replacelosses.
D) The basal cells of the epidermis migrate to the skin surface at a rate that
matchessuperficial losses of skin cells. - ✔✔C) The stratum germinativum continuously
produces new keratinocytes to replacelosses.
✔✔A 60-year-old man has long managed his type 1 diabetes effectively with a
combination of vigilant blood sugar monitoring, subcutaneous insulin administration, and
conscientious eating habits. This morning, however, his wife has noted that he appears
pale and clammy and to be in a stupor, though he is responsive. She suspects that he
has made an error in his insulin administration and that he is experiencing a
hypoglycemic episode. Which of the following actions should be the wife's first choice?
Careful monitoring for level of consciousness and resolution of hypoglycemia
IV infusion of 50% dextrose and water solution
Administration of subcutaneous glucagon
Administration of 15 to 20 g of glucose in a concentrated carbohydrate source -
✔✔Administration of 15 to 20 g of glucose in a concentrated carbohydrate source
✔✔A 29-year-old woman has been diagnosed with otosclerosis after several years of
progressive hearing loss. What pathophysiologic process has characterized her
diagnosis?
Her tympanic cavity is becoming filled with bone due to inappropriate osteogenesis.
Her temporal bone is experiencing unusually rapid resorption.
Her incus, malleus, and stapes have become disconnected from her normal neural
pathways.
,New, sclerotic bone has been formed around her stapes and oval window - ✔✔New,
sclerotic bone has been formed around her stapes and oval window
✔✔Large amounts of glucagon were recently released into an individual's circulation,
but glucagon circulation has now ceased. Which of the following situations could have
led to this inhibition of glucagon release?
A decrease in cellular metabolic needs and an increase in glucose levels
Recent intake of large amounts of protein-rich food
Recent strenuous physical activity
A sharp decrease in blood glucose concentration - ✔✔A decrease in cellular metabolic
needs and an increase in glucose levels
✔✔Which of the following hormones are derivatives of cholesterol?
Eicosanoids and retinoids
Aldosterone and testosterone
Insulin and glucagon
Epinephrine and norepinephrine - ✔✔Aldosterone and testosterone
✔✔An endocrinologist is providing care for a 30-year-old male who has lived with the
effects of increased levels of GH. Which of the following teaching points about the
patient's future health risks is most accurate?
"When your pituitary gland is enlarged, there's a real risk that you'll develop some sight
deficiencies.
"The high levels of GH that circulate in your body can result in damage to your liver."
"GH excess inhibits your pancreas from producing enough insulin."
"It's not unusual for unusually high GH levels to cause damage to your hypothalamus." -
✔✔"When your pituitary gland is enlarged, there's a real risk that you'll develop some
sight deficiencies.
✔✔Which of the following measures would likely be rejected as part of a first-line weight
loss plan for a patient with a BMI of 30.2, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension?
30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity activity at least 3 days per week
,Calorie reduction by 500 to 1,000 kcal/day
Gastric bypass
Prescription drug therapy - ✔✔Gastric bypass
✔✔A nurse practitioner is providing care for a male patient with a long-standing hiatal
hernia. Which of the following statements most accurately captures an aspect of the
pathophysiology of hiatal hernias?
An incompetent pyloric sphincter and high fat diet are commonly implicated in the
development of hiatal hernias.
If esophageal acid clearance is impaired, esophagitis can result.
The root causes of hiatal hernias are normally treatable with medication.
Paraesophageal hiatal hernias are common and are normally not treated if the patient is
asymptomatic. - ✔✔If esophageal acid clearance is impaired, esophagitis can result.
✔✔Which of the following patients is most clearly displaying the signs and symptoms of
IBD?
A 24-year-old man who has a stressful job but whose diarrhea and cramping do not
worsen during periods of high stress.
A 44-year-old man who is under great financial stress and who states that his lower
abdominal pain is much worse at night than during the day.
A 51-year-old male who states that his stomach pain is in his lower abdomen, "comes
and goes," and "feels more like a cramp than a dull ache."
A 32-year-old mother who complains of intermittent abdominal pain that persists even
after defecation. - ✔✔A 51-year-old male who states that his stomach pain is in his
lower abdomen, "comes and goes," and "feels more like a cramp than a dull ache."
✔✔While on tour, a 32-year-old male musician has presented to the emergency
department of a hospital after a concert complaining of severe and sudden abdominal
pain. He admits to a history of copious alcohol use in recent years, and his vital signs
include a temperature of 38.8°C (101.8°F), blood pressure of 89/48 mm Hg, and heart
rate of 116 beats per minute. Blood work indicates that his serum levels of C-reactive
protein, amylase, and lipase are all elevated. Which of the following diagnoses would
the care team first suspect?
Acute pancreatitis
, Liver cirrhosis
Cholecystitis
Hepatitis C - ✔✔Acute pancreatitis
✔✔A 55-year-old man has been diagnosed with a hiatal hernia, in which the function of
the lower esophageal sphincter is compromised. Which of the following consequences
of this condition is most likely?
Inappropriate release of gastric enzymes
Protrusion of the stomach or regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus
Impaired control of the gastric emptying rate
Decreased absorption of ingested foods and fluids - ✔✔Protrusion of the stomach or
regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus
✔✔The mother of a 19-week-old infant has brought her baby to a nurse practitioner for
assessment because of the baby's persistent weight loss and diarrhea. An intestinal
biopsy has confirmed a diagnosis of celiac disease, and the child's mother is anxious to
know what caused the disease. Which of the following aspects of the etiology of celiac
disease would underlie the explanation that the nurse practitioner provides?
Inability to process or absorb the fat content of breast milk results in malnutrition and
deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins.
Neurogenic or muscular inhibition of peristalsis results in inappropriate motility of
ingested food in the lower small intestine and the colon.
An inappropriate T-cell mediated response results in increased levels of antibodies and
an inflammatory response.
Bacterial or chemical invasion of the peritoneum leads to decreased nutrient absorption
and transport. - ✔✔An inappropriate T-cell mediated response results in increased
levels of antibodies and an inflammatory response.
✔✔An 18-year-old female of Southeast Asian ancestry is distraught over the
recentappearance of white patches on her forearms and upper arms, which have
beensubsequently confirmed as vitiligo. Which of the following statements by the
womanexpress an accurate understanding of her condition?
A) "I suppose it's some comfort that my patches are small and will always stay out
ofsight in the future."
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔Which of the following statements best conveys an aspect of the process
ofkeratinization?
A) Keratin cells synthesized in the dermis migrate to the surface over 20 to 30 days.
B) Mitosis that begins with the cells of the stratum granulosum results in a
continualsupply of new keratinocytes.
C) The stratum germinativum continuously produces new keratinocytes to
replacelosses.
D) The basal cells of the epidermis migrate to the skin surface at a rate that
matchessuperficial losses of skin cells. - ✔✔C) The stratum germinativum continuously
produces new keratinocytes to replacelosses.
✔✔A 60-year-old man has long managed his type 1 diabetes effectively with a
combination of vigilant blood sugar monitoring, subcutaneous insulin administration, and
conscientious eating habits. This morning, however, his wife has noted that he appears
pale and clammy and to be in a stupor, though he is responsive. She suspects that he
has made an error in his insulin administration and that he is experiencing a
hypoglycemic episode. Which of the following actions should be the wife's first choice?
Careful monitoring for level of consciousness and resolution of hypoglycemia
IV infusion of 50% dextrose and water solution
Administration of subcutaneous glucagon
Administration of 15 to 20 g of glucose in a concentrated carbohydrate source -
✔✔Administration of 15 to 20 g of glucose in a concentrated carbohydrate source
✔✔A 29-year-old woman has been diagnosed with otosclerosis after several years of
progressive hearing loss. What pathophysiologic process has characterized her
diagnosis?
Her tympanic cavity is becoming filled with bone due to inappropriate osteogenesis.
Her temporal bone is experiencing unusually rapid resorption.
Her incus, malleus, and stapes have become disconnected from her normal neural
pathways.
,New, sclerotic bone has been formed around her stapes and oval window - ✔✔New,
sclerotic bone has been formed around her stapes and oval window
✔✔Large amounts of glucagon were recently released into an individual's circulation,
but glucagon circulation has now ceased. Which of the following situations could have
led to this inhibition of glucagon release?
A decrease in cellular metabolic needs and an increase in glucose levels
Recent intake of large amounts of protein-rich food
Recent strenuous physical activity
A sharp decrease in blood glucose concentration - ✔✔A decrease in cellular metabolic
needs and an increase in glucose levels
✔✔Which of the following hormones are derivatives of cholesterol?
Eicosanoids and retinoids
Aldosterone and testosterone
Insulin and glucagon
Epinephrine and norepinephrine - ✔✔Aldosterone and testosterone
✔✔An endocrinologist is providing care for a 30-year-old male who has lived with the
effects of increased levels of GH. Which of the following teaching points about the
patient's future health risks is most accurate?
"When your pituitary gland is enlarged, there's a real risk that you'll develop some sight
deficiencies.
"The high levels of GH that circulate in your body can result in damage to your liver."
"GH excess inhibits your pancreas from producing enough insulin."
"It's not unusual for unusually high GH levels to cause damage to your hypothalamus." -
✔✔"When your pituitary gland is enlarged, there's a real risk that you'll develop some
sight deficiencies.
✔✔Which of the following measures would likely be rejected as part of a first-line weight
loss plan for a patient with a BMI of 30.2, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension?
30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity activity at least 3 days per week
,Calorie reduction by 500 to 1,000 kcal/day
Gastric bypass
Prescription drug therapy - ✔✔Gastric bypass
✔✔A nurse practitioner is providing care for a male patient with a long-standing hiatal
hernia. Which of the following statements most accurately captures an aspect of the
pathophysiology of hiatal hernias?
An incompetent pyloric sphincter and high fat diet are commonly implicated in the
development of hiatal hernias.
If esophageal acid clearance is impaired, esophagitis can result.
The root causes of hiatal hernias are normally treatable with medication.
Paraesophageal hiatal hernias are common and are normally not treated if the patient is
asymptomatic. - ✔✔If esophageal acid clearance is impaired, esophagitis can result.
✔✔Which of the following patients is most clearly displaying the signs and symptoms of
IBD?
A 24-year-old man who has a stressful job but whose diarrhea and cramping do not
worsen during periods of high stress.
A 44-year-old man who is under great financial stress and who states that his lower
abdominal pain is much worse at night than during the day.
A 51-year-old male who states that his stomach pain is in his lower abdomen, "comes
and goes," and "feels more like a cramp than a dull ache."
A 32-year-old mother who complains of intermittent abdominal pain that persists even
after defecation. - ✔✔A 51-year-old male who states that his stomach pain is in his
lower abdomen, "comes and goes," and "feels more like a cramp than a dull ache."
✔✔While on tour, a 32-year-old male musician has presented to the emergency
department of a hospital after a concert complaining of severe and sudden abdominal
pain. He admits to a history of copious alcohol use in recent years, and his vital signs
include a temperature of 38.8°C (101.8°F), blood pressure of 89/48 mm Hg, and heart
rate of 116 beats per minute. Blood work indicates that his serum levels of C-reactive
protein, amylase, and lipase are all elevated. Which of the following diagnoses would
the care team first suspect?
Acute pancreatitis
, Liver cirrhosis
Cholecystitis
Hepatitis C - ✔✔Acute pancreatitis
✔✔A 55-year-old man has been diagnosed with a hiatal hernia, in which the function of
the lower esophageal sphincter is compromised. Which of the following consequences
of this condition is most likely?
Inappropriate release of gastric enzymes
Protrusion of the stomach or regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus
Impaired control of the gastric emptying rate
Decreased absorption of ingested foods and fluids - ✔✔Protrusion of the stomach or
regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus
✔✔The mother of a 19-week-old infant has brought her baby to a nurse practitioner for
assessment because of the baby's persistent weight loss and diarrhea. An intestinal
biopsy has confirmed a diagnosis of celiac disease, and the child's mother is anxious to
know what caused the disease. Which of the following aspects of the etiology of celiac
disease would underlie the explanation that the nurse practitioner provides?
Inability to process or absorb the fat content of breast milk results in malnutrition and
deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins.
Neurogenic or muscular inhibition of peristalsis results in inappropriate motility of
ingested food in the lower small intestine and the colon.
An inappropriate T-cell mediated response results in increased levels of antibodies and
an inflammatory response.
Bacterial or chemical invasion of the peritoneum leads to decreased nutrient absorption
and transport. - ✔✔An inappropriate T-cell mediated response results in increased
levels of antibodies and an inflammatory response.
✔✔An 18-year-old female of Southeast Asian ancestry is distraught over the
recentappearance of white patches on her forearms and upper arms, which have
beensubsequently confirmed as vitiligo. Which of the following statements by the
womanexpress an accurate understanding of her condition?
A) "I suppose it's some comfort that my patches are small and will always stay out
ofsight in the future."
