WGU C273 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - RETAKE EXAM 2025/2026 UPDATED (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS)

WGU C273 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY - RETAKE EXAM 2025/2026 UPDATED (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) Auguste Conte -CORRECT--Suggested we apply scientific method to social world, which is known as Positivism Viewed society as a living organism, similar to an animals body - must function together to function smoothly. (functional analysis) Herbert Spencer -CORRECT--*Called 2nd founder of sociology *disagreed with Conte, believed sociologists should not guide social reform *societies are evolving from lower to higher form *society's most capable and intelligent members service - the less capable die out *fittest members produce a more advanced society "The survival of the fittest" or "Social Darwinism" (credited to Darwin because he applied it to organisms. Viewed society as a living organism, similar to an animals body - must function together to function smoothly. (functional analysis) Karl Marx -CORRECT--*believed the engine of human history is class conflict *society is made up of 2 classes *economics is a central force in social change *Bourgeoisie - capitalist own the means of production, money, land, factories and machines *Proletariat - workers; *workers will unite and bread their chains of bondage *introduced Conflict Theory *did not think of himself as a sociologist Bourgeoisie -CORRECT--Capitalists they own the means of production - money, land, factories, and machines. Proletariat -CORRECT--Workers Emile Durkheim -CORRECT--*succeeded in getting sociology recognized as a separate academic discipline *how social forces affect peoples behavior *Social Integration when all parts of society full their part it is in a "normal" state, if they do not fulfill their function it is in an "abnormal" or pathological state. (functional analysis) Social Integration -CORRECT--Degree to which people are tied to their social groups. People with weaker social ties are more likely to commit suicide Applying Durkheim -CORRECT--Patterns of behavior or recurring patterns or events Max Weber -CORRECT--*used cross culture and historical materials to trace the cause of social change and how social groups affect peoples orientation to life *disagreed with Karl Marx *Roman Catholics taught to hold on to tradition, protestant taught to embrace change *Protestant ethic Protestant Ethic -CORRECT--*looked for sign they were in Gods good grace *financial success-live frugal lives, saving ant investing money "the spirit of capitalism" This brought about capitalism Harriet Martineau -CORRECT--*did writings because women were to focus on church, cooking, children and clothes *early female sociologist *viewed sociology as a path to reform and improve society (stop lynchings, integrate immigrants, improve working conditions) W.E.B. DuBois -CORRECT--black sociologist Jane Adams -CORRECT--Sociologist and social reformer *came from wealth and privilege *founded Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr C. Wright Mills -CORRECT--pushed sociologist to go back to push social reform Basic (or pure) sociology -CORRECT--sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups Applied Sociology -CORRECT--the use of sociology to solve problems from classroom integration and family relationships to crime and pollution Public Sociology -CORRECT--applying sociology for the public good; especially sociological perspective (how things relate to one another) to guide politicians and policy makers Theory -CORRECT--general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how 2 or more facts are related to one another 3 major theories -CORRECT--Symbolic Interaction Functional analysis Conflict Theory Symbolic Interaction -CORRECT--theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world and communicate with one another Analyze how social life depends on the ways we define ourselves and others. Study face to face interactions, examine how people make sense of their live and place in it i.e. sister vs girlfriend, brother vs boyfriend George Herbert os one of the founders Functional Analysis (functionalism, structural functionalism) -CORRECT-- theoretical from work in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that when fulfilled contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism Society is made up of a whole unit of interrelated parts that work together. Sociologists that had functional analysis theories -CORRECT--Auguste Conte Herbert Spencer Emiline Durkheim Robert Melton Robert Melton -CORRECT--dismissed comparing society to a living organism, but maintained the essence of functionalism used the terms functions, dysfunctions, manifest, latent, and latent dysfunctions Function -CORRECT--refer to beneficial consequences of people's actions (help keep a group in balance) i.e. family running a farm can be manifest or latent Dysfunctions -CORRECT--harmful consequences of people's actions (they undermine the systems equilibrium manifest -CORRECT--an action is INTENDED to help some part of the system latent -CORRECT--an UNINTENDED consequence that help a system adjust latent dysfunctions -CORRECT--actions UNINTENTIALLY hurt a system Conflict Theory -CORRECT--suggests that society is composed of groups that compete with one another for scarce resources on the surface it shows cooperation, under the surface struggle for power Karl Marx - founder of conflict theory witness the Industrial Revolution 8 steps of Research Model -CORRECT--1-select a topic (what do you want to learn about) 2- define the problem (what do you want to learn about the topic) 3-Reviewing the literature (helps pinpoint questions) 4- Formulate a hypothesis (what do you expect to find according to predictions from a theory) 5- Choose a research method 6- Collecting the data (assure the validity and reliability) 7-Analyzing the results 8-Sharing the results Validity -CORRECT--extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure reliability -CORRECT--extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results Research Methods -CORRECT--1-Surveys 2-Participant Observation 3- Case Studies 4- Secondary Analysis 5- Analysis of Documents 6-experiments 7-Unobtrusive measures Research Model Surveys -CORRECT--collection of data by having people answer a series of questions and selection a sample narrow population (a target group to be studied (high school males) Select a sample (individuals intended to represent the population to be studied)