BIOS 255 WEEK 1-2 STUDY GUIDE
1. Which formed elements do not contain a nucleus or any organelles?: Ery-throcytes
2. Defend against pathogens: It is the main function of leukocytes.
3. Platelets: They are cell fragments that aid in forming blood clots.
4. Hemostasis: It is the cessation of bleeding. Platelets play an essential role informing a
blood clot that prevents further bleeding.
5. Hemolysis: It is the break down or rupturing of red blood cells.
6. What is the average lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?: 120 days
7. pernicious: It is type of anemia due to a lack of vitamin B12, which is necessary for normal
erythrocyte cell membrane development. Results from a lack of intrinsic factor from the
stomach that helps with the absorption of Vitamin B12.
8. Iron deficiency: Impaired hemoglobin production due to lack of iron.
9. Thalassemia: Impaired synthesis of globin proteins.
10. Sickle-cell: A hereditary hemoglobin defect that 'sickles' in low oxygen, causingcells to
lodge in small vessels and reduce blood flow. Does offer some protection against malarial
infection!
11. Hemorrhagic: A deficiency disorder due to loss of blood.
12. Hemolytic: A deficiency disorder anything that causes the destruction of ery- throcytes
(e.g., blood transfusion incompatibility, parasitic infections, drug reactions).
13. AB+; Universal recipient: A blood type has no antibodies and thus can safelyreceive
blood from A, B, AB, and O blood types. Are they known as what?
14. O-; universal donor: A blood type does not have any antigens on its RBCs andcan donate
blood to all other types. It is known as what?
15. Antigen Rh (or D): Initially found in the Rhesus monkey, determines whetherthe blood
type is positive or negative.
16. Neutrophils: They are the most abundant white blood cells (WBCs), constituting60-70% of
circulating leukocytes.
17. Eosinophils: Account for 2-4% of circulating WBCs and are abundant in mu-cous
membranes of the digestive, respiratory, and lower urinary tracts. It fights against parasitic
infections.
18. Basophils: They are the rarest of all WBCs, with less than 0.5% in circulation. Their
cytoplasm is densely filled with very dark violet granules that hide the nucleus.It release
chemicals that help promote inflammation.
19. Serotonin: It is a chemical that attracts neutrophils and eosinophils, thus inten-sifying the
inflammatory response. It helps promote inflammation by secreting the chemicals heparin and
, histamine.
20. Monocytes: They are the largest white blood cells (WBCs) and account for about 3-8% of
leukocytes. They do not contain visible granules in the cytoplasm andhave a horseshoe-shaped
or kidney-shaped nucleus.
21. T Lymphocytes (T Cells): They are produced in red bone marrow but travel tothe thymus
to mature. These cells directly attack infected or abnormal cells.
22. B Lymphocytes (B Cells): They are produced in red bone marrow and remainthere to
mature. These cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
23. Histamine: It induces vasodilation.
24. Heparin: It helps prevent unnecessary clotting so that other blood cells cantravel easily
through blood.
25. Destroying parasitic worm: What is the primary function of eosinophils in thebody?
26. as phagocytic cells that fight bacteria: What is the main function of Neu-trophils and
monocytes in the body?
27. to promote inflammation: What is the primary function of Basophils in thebody?
28. to produce antibodies: What is the primary function of B Lymphocytes in thebody?
29. Leukopenia: It is a condition in which the total count is above the normal range(between
10,000-11,000 cells/m). This usually indicates infection, allergy, or other diseases. Emotional
disturbances or dehydration can also contribute.
30. Leukemia: It is a cancer of the hematopoietic tissues that produces a very highnumber of
leukocytes (above 11,000 cells/m).
31. Myeloid leukemia: It is uncontrolled granulocyte production
32. Lymphoid leukemia: It is uncontrolled lymphocyte production
33. Acute leukemia: A condition that appears suddenly and progresses rapidly; cancause death
if not treated within a few months
34. Chronic leukemia: A condition which has slow development that is undetectedfor months.
35. Thrombocytes; megakaryocytes: are cell fragments that
comefrom large cells called .
36. Vascular spasm: It is the immediate response to blood vessel damage. The smooth muscle
in the walls of blood vessels constricts to reduce the diameter sizeand reduce blood flow to
prevent further loss. Imagine
37. extrinsic mechanism: It is initiated by clotting factors that are released by thedamaged
blood vessel or nearby tissues.
38. intrinsic mechanism: It is the reaction pathway that uses clotting factors thatare within the
blood itself.
1. Which formed elements do not contain a nucleus or any organelles?: Ery-throcytes
2. Defend against pathogens: It is the main function of leukocytes.
3. Platelets: They are cell fragments that aid in forming blood clots.
4. Hemostasis: It is the cessation of bleeding. Platelets play an essential role informing a
blood clot that prevents further bleeding.
5. Hemolysis: It is the break down or rupturing of red blood cells.
6. What is the average lifespan of erythrocytes in the bloodstream?: 120 days
7. pernicious: It is type of anemia due to a lack of vitamin B12, which is necessary for normal
erythrocyte cell membrane development. Results from a lack of intrinsic factor from the
stomach that helps with the absorption of Vitamin B12.
8. Iron deficiency: Impaired hemoglobin production due to lack of iron.
9. Thalassemia: Impaired synthesis of globin proteins.
10. Sickle-cell: A hereditary hemoglobin defect that 'sickles' in low oxygen, causingcells to
lodge in small vessels and reduce blood flow. Does offer some protection against malarial
infection!
11. Hemorrhagic: A deficiency disorder due to loss of blood.
12. Hemolytic: A deficiency disorder anything that causes the destruction of ery- throcytes
(e.g., blood transfusion incompatibility, parasitic infections, drug reactions).
13. AB+; Universal recipient: A blood type has no antibodies and thus can safelyreceive
blood from A, B, AB, and O blood types. Are they known as what?
14. O-; universal donor: A blood type does not have any antigens on its RBCs andcan donate
blood to all other types. It is known as what?
15. Antigen Rh (or D): Initially found in the Rhesus monkey, determines whetherthe blood
type is positive or negative.
16. Neutrophils: They are the most abundant white blood cells (WBCs), constituting60-70% of
circulating leukocytes.
17. Eosinophils: Account for 2-4% of circulating WBCs and are abundant in mu-cous
membranes of the digestive, respiratory, and lower urinary tracts. It fights against parasitic
infections.
18. Basophils: They are the rarest of all WBCs, with less than 0.5% in circulation. Their
cytoplasm is densely filled with very dark violet granules that hide the nucleus.It release
chemicals that help promote inflammation.
19. Serotonin: It is a chemical that attracts neutrophils and eosinophils, thus inten-sifying the
inflammatory response. It helps promote inflammation by secreting the chemicals heparin and
, histamine.
20. Monocytes: They are the largest white blood cells (WBCs) and account for about 3-8% of
leukocytes. They do not contain visible granules in the cytoplasm andhave a horseshoe-shaped
or kidney-shaped nucleus.
21. T Lymphocytes (T Cells): They are produced in red bone marrow but travel tothe thymus
to mature. These cells directly attack infected or abnormal cells.
22. B Lymphocytes (B Cells): They are produced in red bone marrow and remainthere to
mature. These cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
23. Histamine: It induces vasodilation.
24. Heparin: It helps prevent unnecessary clotting so that other blood cells cantravel easily
through blood.
25. Destroying parasitic worm: What is the primary function of eosinophils in thebody?
26. as phagocytic cells that fight bacteria: What is the main function of Neu-trophils and
monocytes in the body?
27. to promote inflammation: What is the primary function of Basophils in thebody?
28. to produce antibodies: What is the primary function of B Lymphocytes in thebody?
29. Leukopenia: It is a condition in which the total count is above the normal range(between
10,000-11,000 cells/m). This usually indicates infection, allergy, or other diseases. Emotional
disturbances or dehydration can also contribute.
30. Leukemia: It is a cancer of the hematopoietic tissues that produces a very highnumber of
leukocytes (above 11,000 cells/m).
31. Myeloid leukemia: It is uncontrolled granulocyte production
32. Lymphoid leukemia: It is uncontrolled lymphocyte production
33. Acute leukemia: A condition that appears suddenly and progresses rapidly; cancause death
if not treated within a few months
34. Chronic leukemia: A condition which has slow development that is undetectedfor months.
35. Thrombocytes; megakaryocytes: are cell fragments that
comefrom large cells called .
36. Vascular spasm: It is the immediate response to blood vessel damage. The smooth muscle
in the walls of blood vessels constricts to reduce the diameter sizeand reduce blood flow to
prevent further loss. Imagine
37. extrinsic mechanism: It is initiated by clotting factors that are released by thedamaged
blood vessel or nearby tissues.
38. intrinsic mechanism: It is the reaction pathway that uses clotting factors thatare within the
blood itself.
