concepts 1 nursing chapter 2, concepts
1 nursing chapter 1
- ANS-Most early civilizations believed that illness had supernatural causes. The theory of
animism attempted to explain the cause of mysterious changes in bodily functions. This
theory was based on the belief that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and
endowed with power. Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death. In
providing treatment, the roles of the physician and the nurse were separate and distinct. The
physician was the medicine man who treated disease by chanting, inspiring fear, or opening
the skull to release evil spirits (Dolan, Fitzpatrick, & Herrmann, 1983). The nurse usually was
the mother who cared for her family during sickness by providing physical care and herbal
remedies. This nurturing and caring role of the nurse has continued to the present.
As ancient Greek civilizations grew, temples became the centers of medical care because of
the belief that illness was caused by sin and the gods' displeasure (disease literally means
"dis-ease"). During the same period, the ancient Hebrews developed rules through the Ten
Commandments and the Mosaic Health Code for ethical human relationships, mental health,
and disease control. Nurses cared for sick people in the home and the community and also
practiced as nurse-midwives (Dolan et al., 1983)
\(1) diploma, (2) associate degree, and (3) baccalaureate programs - ANS-Three types of
educational programs traditionally lead to licensure as an RN: (1) diploma, (2) associate
degree, and (3) baccalaureate programs
\AACN - ANS-The __________ is the national voice for baccalaureate and higher-degree
nursing education programs. The organization's goals focus on establishing quality
educational standards, influencing the nursing profession to improve health care, and
promoting public support of baccalaureate and graduate education, research, and nursing
practice. National accreditation for collegiate nursing programs is provided (based on
meeting standards) through the __________ by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing
Education (CCNE).
\adaption theory - ANS-defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living
things and to environmental conditions. Adaptation is a continuously occurring process that
effects change and involves interaction and response. Human adaptation occurs on three
levels: the internal (self), the social (others), and the physical (biochemical reactions).
Chapter 41 describes adaptation in relation to stress.
\American Nurses Association (ANA) Definition of nursing. - ANS-The __________
(__________) defines nursing as "the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and
abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and
treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families,
communities, and populations" (__________,2010). In addition to a definition of nursing, the
__________ describes the social context of nursing, the knowledge base for nursing
practice, the scope of nursing practice, standards of professional nursing practice, and the
regulation of professional nursing in itsNursing's Social Policy Statement (2010).
\ANA - ANS-The __________ is the professional organization for RNs in the United States.
Founded in the late 1800s, its membership is comprised of the state nurses' associations to
, which individual nurses belong. Its primary mission is to be involved in public education,
clinical nursing standards, and lobbying state and federal lawmakers to advance the
profession of nursing. The __________ addresses ethics, public policy, and the economic
and general welfare of nurses. Publications of the __________ includeCode of
Ethics,American Nurse Today,The American Nurse,OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in
Nursing, andNurseBooks.org. __________ electronic newsletters include__________
SmartBrief,Nursing Insider,__________ ImmuNews, andCapitol Update.
\applied research - ANS-also called practical research, is designed to directly influence or
improve clinical practice.
\are to develop explanations (in theories) and to find solutions to problems. - ANS-the goals
to research
\authoritative knowledge - ANS-__________ comes from an expert and isaccepted as truth
based on the person's perceived expertise—for example, when a senior staff nurse teaches
a new graduate nurse a more efficient method of doing a technical procedure, such as
inserting an intravenous catheter. The senior nurse has gained knowledge through
experience, and the new graduate nurse accepts it as truth based on the perceived authority
of the experienced nurse. __________ generally remains unchallenged as long as
presumed authorities maintain their perceived expertise.
\basic research - ANS-sometimes called pure or laboratory research, is designed to
generate and refine theory, and the findings are often not directly useful in practice
\caregiver - ANS-The primary role of the nurse as ____________________ is given shape
and substance by the interrelated roles of communicator, teacher, counselor, leader,
researcher, advocate, and collaborator.
\common concepts in nursing theories - ANS-Four concepts common in nursing theory that
influence and determine nursing practice are (1) the person (patient), (2) the environment,
(3) health, and (4) nursing. Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a
nursing theorist, and although these concepts are common to all nursing theories, both the
definitions and the relations among them may differ from one theory to another. Of the four
concepts, the most important is that of the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of
definition or theory, is the person (Fig. 2-1).
\concepts - ANS-like ideas, are abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality.
Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.
\conceptual framework or model - ANS-A group of concepts that follows an understandable
pattern makes up a
\deductive reasoning - ANS-in which one examines a general idea and then considers
specific actions or ideas,
\Development of Nursing from Early Civilization to the 16th century - ANS-In the early
Christian period, nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role in society.
Led by the idea that love and caring for others were important, women called "deaconesses"
made the first organized visits to sick people, and members of male religious orders gave
nursing care and buried the dead. Both male and female nursing orders were founded during
the Crusades (11th to 13th centuries). Hospitals were built for the enormous number of
pilgrims needing health care, and nursing became a respected vocation. Although the early
Middle Ages ended in chaos, nursing had developed purpose, direction, and leadership.
At the beginning of the 16th century, many Western societies shifted from a religious
orientation to an emphasis on warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge. Many
monasteries and convents closed, leading to a tremendous shortage of people to care for
1 nursing chapter 1
- ANS-Most early civilizations believed that illness had supernatural causes. The theory of
animism attempted to explain the cause of mysterious changes in bodily functions. This
theory was based on the belief that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and
endowed with power. Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death. In
providing treatment, the roles of the physician and the nurse were separate and distinct. The
physician was the medicine man who treated disease by chanting, inspiring fear, or opening
the skull to release evil spirits (Dolan, Fitzpatrick, & Herrmann, 1983). The nurse usually was
the mother who cared for her family during sickness by providing physical care and herbal
remedies. This nurturing and caring role of the nurse has continued to the present.
As ancient Greek civilizations grew, temples became the centers of medical care because of
the belief that illness was caused by sin and the gods' displeasure (disease literally means
"dis-ease"). During the same period, the ancient Hebrews developed rules through the Ten
Commandments and the Mosaic Health Code for ethical human relationships, mental health,
and disease control. Nurses cared for sick people in the home and the community and also
practiced as nurse-midwives (Dolan et al., 1983)
\(1) diploma, (2) associate degree, and (3) baccalaureate programs - ANS-Three types of
educational programs traditionally lead to licensure as an RN: (1) diploma, (2) associate
degree, and (3) baccalaureate programs
\AACN - ANS-The __________ is the national voice for baccalaureate and higher-degree
nursing education programs. The organization's goals focus on establishing quality
educational standards, influencing the nursing profession to improve health care, and
promoting public support of baccalaureate and graduate education, research, and nursing
practice. National accreditation for collegiate nursing programs is provided (based on
meeting standards) through the __________ by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing
Education (CCNE).
\adaption theory - ANS-defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living
things and to environmental conditions. Adaptation is a continuously occurring process that
effects change and involves interaction and response. Human adaptation occurs on three
levels: the internal (self), the social (others), and the physical (biochemical reactions).
Chapter 41 describes adaptation in relation to stress.
\American Nurses Association (ANA) Definition of nursing. - ANS-The __________
(__________) defines nursing as "the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and
abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and
treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families,
communities, and populations" (__________,2010). In addition to a definition of nursing, the
__________ describes the social context of nursing, the knowledge base for nursing
practice, the scope of nursing practice, standards of professional nursing practice, and the
regulation of professional nursing in itsNursing's Social Policy Statement (2010).
\ANA - ANS-The __________ is the professional organization for RNs in the United States.
Founded in the late 1800s, its membership is comprised of the state nurses' associations to
, which individual nurses belong. Its primary mission is to be involved in public education,
clinical nursing standards, and lobbying state and federal lawmakers to advance the
profession of nursing. The __________ addresses ethics, public policy, and the economic
and general welfare of nurses. Publications of the __________ includeCode of
Ethics,American Nurse Today,The American Nurse,OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in
Nursing, andNurseBooks.org. __________ electronic newsletters include__________
SmartBrief,Nursing Insider,__________ ImmuNews, andCapitol Update.
\applied research - ANS-also called practical research, is designed to directly influence or
improve clinical practice.
\are to develop explanations (in theories) and to find solutions to problems. - ANS-the goals
to research
\authoritative knowledge - ANS-__________ comes from an expert and isaccepted as truth
based on the person's perceived expertise—for example, when a senior staff nurse teaches
a new graduate nurse a more efficient method of doing a technical procedure, such as
inserting an intravenous catheter. The senior nurse has gained knowledge through
experience, and the new graduate nurse accepts it as truth based on the perceived authority
of the experienced nurse. __________ generally remains unchallenged as long as
presumed authorities maintain their perceived expertise.
\basic research - ANS-sometimes called pure or laboratory research, is designed to
generate and refine theory, and the findings are often not directly useful in practice
\caregiver - ANS-The primary role of the nurse as ____________________ is given shape
and substance by the interrelated roles of communicator, teacher, counselor, leader,
researcher, advocate, and collaborator.
\common concepts in nursing theories - ANS-Four concepts common in nursing theory that
influence and determine nursing practice are (1) the person (patient), (2) the environment,
(3) health, and (4) nursing. Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a
nursing theorist, and although these concepts are common to all nursing theories, both the
definitions and the relations among them may differ from one theory to another. Of the four
concepts, the most important is that of the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of
definition or theory, is the person (Fig. 2-1).
\concepts - ANS-like ideas, are abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality.
Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.
\conceptual framework or model - ANS-A group of concepts that follows an understandable
pattern makes up a
\deductive reasoning - ANS-in which one examines a general idea and then considers
specific actions or ideas,
\Development of Nursing from Early Civilization to the 16th century - ANS-In the early
Christian period, nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role in society.
Led by the idea that love and caring for others were important, women called "deaconesses"
made the first organized visits to sick people, and members of male religious orders gave
nursing care and buried the dead. Both male and female nursing orders were founded during
the Crusades (11th to 13th centuries). Hospitals were built for the enormous number of
pilgrims needing health care, and nursing became a respected vocation. Although the early
Middle Ages ended in chaos, nursing had developed purpose, direction, and leadership.
At the beginning of the 16th century, many Western societies shifted from a religious
orientation to an emphasis on warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge. Many
monasteries and convents closed, leading to a tremendous shortage of people to care for
