NURS 5315 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST UPDATE) REAL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED
A+.
What |can |Reactive |Oxygen |Species |cause? |- |ANS |-Heart |disease, |Alzheimers, |Parkinsons, |
Amyotrophic |Lateral |Sclerosis |(ALS), |CV |disease, |HTN, |HLD, |DM, |ischemic |heart |disease, |HF, |
OSA. |Lipid |perioxidation, |damage |proteins, |fragment |DNA, |less |*protein |synthesis*, |chromatin |
destruction, |damage |mitochondria
How |are |free |radicals |produced? |- |ANS |-1. |Normal |cellular |respiration
2. |Absorption |of |extreme |energy |sources |(radiation, |UV |light)
3. |Metabolism |of |exogenous |chemicals, |drugs, |and |pesticides
4. |Transition |of |metals
5. |Nitric |oxide |acting |like |a |chemical |mediator |and |a |free |radical
What |is |the |body's |defense |against |ROS? |- |ANS |-Antioxidants |(Vitamin |E, |Vitamin |C, |cysteine, |
glutathione, |albumin, |ceruloplasmin, |transferrin)
action |potential |- |ANS |-Process |of |conducting |an |impulse. |Activates |the |neuron |--> |the |neuron
|depolarizes |--> |then |repolarizes
,Threshold |potential |- |ANS |-Point |at |which |depolarization |must |reach |in |order |to |initiate |an |
action |potential
Hypokalemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-HYPERpolarized |(more |negative, |ex. |-100). |Less |
excitable. |Decreased |neuromuscular |excitability: |weakness, |smooth |muscle |atony, |paresthesia, |
cardiac |dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-HYPOpolarized |(more |positive, |ex: |closer |to |0). |
More |excitable. |Peaked |T |waves. |
When |resting |membrane |potential=threshold |potential, |it |is |BAD |= |cardiac |standstill, |
paresthesia, |paralysis
Hypocalcemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-Increased |permeability |to |Na+. |More |excitable. |
Tetany, |hyperreflexia, |circumoral |paresthesia, |seizures, |dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-Decreased |permeability |to |Na+. |Less |excitable. |
Weakness, |hyporeflexia, |fatigue, |lethargy, |confusion, |encephalopathy, |depressed |T |waves
Atrophy |- |ANS |-Occurs |as |a |result |of |decrease |in |work |load, |pressure, |use, |blood |supply, |
nutrition, |hormonal |stimulation, |or |nervous |stimulation. |Once |the |cell |has |decreased |in |size, |it
|has |now |compensated |for |decreased |blood |supply, |nerve |supply, |nutrient |supply, |hormonal |
supply, |and |has |achieved |new |homeostasis. |Cells |are |alive |but |have |diminished |function |and |
may |lead |to |cellular |death.
Atrophy |examples |- |ANS |-Physiologic |atrophy- |shrinking |of |the |thymus |gland |during |childhood.
Disuse |atrophy- |someone |that |ends |up |being |paralyzed
Hypertrophy |- |ANS |-Increase |in |SIZE |of |cells, |which |will |lead |to |increase |in |size |of |organ. |
Caused |by |hormonal |stimulation |or |increased |functional |demand.
, Hypertrophy |examples |- |ANS |-physiologic |hypertrophy- |skeletal |hypertrophy |when |a |person |
does |heavy |work |or |weight |lifting |/ |when |a |kidney |is |surgically |removed, |the |other |kidney |
increases |in |size
pathologic |hypertrophy- |cardiomegaly |results |from |an |increased |workload |in |hypertensive |
patients |/ |*left |ventricular |hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia |- |ANS |-Increase |in |NUMBER |of |cells. |Results |from |increased |rate |of |mitosis. |Can |
ONLY |happen |in |cells |that |are |capable |of |mitosis |(cell |division).
Hyperplasia |examples |- |ANS |-1. |Thickening |of |skin |because |of |hyperplasia |of |epidermal |cells.
2. |Hormonal |hyperplasia- |occurs |in |estrogen |dependent |organs |like |uterus |and |breast.
3. |Compensatory |hyperplasia- |liver |regenerates, |callus |on |skin
4. |Pathologic |hyperplasia- |estrogen |is |unopposed |by |progesterone |and |the |endometrial |lining |
undergoes |hyperplasia |and |increased |risk |for |endometrial |cancer
Dysplasia |- |ANS |-abnormal |changes |in |the |size, |shape, |and |organization |of |mature |cells |due |to |
persistent, |severe |cell |injury |or |irritation
Dysplasia |examples |- |ANS |-Pre |cancer |pap |smears |often |show |dysplastic |cells |of |the |cervix |that
|must |undergo |treatment.
Metaplasia |- |ANS |-Changed |cell |that |is |REVERSIBLE |(one |cell |is |replaced |by |another |cell). |
Exposure |to |chronic |stressors, |injury |or |irritation, |like |smoking |or |hydrochloric |acid |from |heart |
burn
Metaplasia |examples |- |ANS |-Most |common |is |change |from |columnar |cells |to |squamous |cells |
(chronic |smokers). |
Less |common |is |change |from |squamous |to |columnar |cells, |like |in |Barrett |Esophagus |caused |by
|heart |burn.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST UPDATE) REAL
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED
A+.
What |can |Reactive |Oxygen |Species |cause? |- |ANS |-Heart |disease, |Alzheimers, |Parkinsons, |
Amyotrophic |Lateral |Sclerosis |(ALS), |CV |disease, |HTN, |HLD, |DM, |ischemic |heart |disease, |HF, |
OSA. |Lipid |perioxidation, |damage |proteins, |fragment |DNA, |less |*protein |synthesis*, |chromatin |
destruction, |damage |mitochondria
How |are |free |radicals |produced? |- |ANS |-1. |Normal |cellular |respiration
2. |Absorption |of |extreme |energy |sources |(radiation, |UV |light)
3. |Metabolism |of |exogenous |chemicals, |drugs, |and |pesticides
4. |Transition |of |metals
5. |Nitric |oxide |acting |like |a |chemical |mediator |and |a |free |radical
What |is |the |body's |defense |against |ROS? |- |ANS |-Antioxidants |(Vitamin |E, |Vitamin |C, |cysteine, |
glutathione, |albumin, |ceruloplasmin, |transferrin)
action |potential |- |ANS |-Process |of |conducting |an |impulse. |Activates |the |neuron |--> |the |neuron
|depolarizes |--> |then |repolarizes
,Threshold |potential |- |ANS |-Point |at |which |depolarization |must |reach |in |order |to |initiate |an |
action |potential
Hypokalemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-HYPERpolarized |(more |negative, |ex. |-100). |Less |
excitable. |Decreased |neuromuscular |excitability: |weakness, |smooth |muscle |atony, |paresthesia, |
cardiac |dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-HYPOpolarized |(more |positive, |ex: |closer |to |0). |
More |excitable. |Peaked |T |waves. |
When |resting |membrane |potential=threshold |potential, |it |is |BAD |= |cardiac |standstill, |
paresthesia, |paralysis
Hypocalcemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-Increased |permeability |to |Na+. |More |excitable. |
Tetany, |hyperreflexia, |circumoral |paresthesia, |seizures, |dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia |and |action |potentials |- |ANS |-Decreased |permeability |to |Na+. |Less |excitable. |
Weakness, |hyporeflexia, |fatigue, |lethargy, |confusion, |encephalopathy, |depressed |T |waves
Atrophy |- |ANS |-Occurs |as |a |result |of |decrease |in |work |load, |pressure, |use, |blood |supply, |
nutrition, |hormonal |stimulation, |or |nervous |stimulation. |Once |the |cell |has |decreased |in |size, |it
|has |now |compensated |for |decreased |blood |supply, |nerve |supply, |nutrient |supply, |hormonal |
supply, |and |has |achieved |new |homeostasis. |Cells |are |alive |but |have |diminished |function |and |
may |lead |to |cellular |death.
Atrophy |examples |- |ANS |-Physiologic |atrophy- |shrinking |of |the |thymus |gland |during |childhood.
Disuse |atrophy- |someone |that |ends |up |being |paralyzed
Hypertrophy |- |ANS |-Increase |in |SIZE |of |cells, |which |will |lead |to |increase |in |size |of |organ. |
Caused |by |hormonal |stimulation |or |increased |functional |demand.
, Hypertrophy |examples |- |ANS |-physiologic |hypertrophy- |skeletal |hypertrophy |when |a |person |
does |heavy |work |or |weight |lifting |/ |when |a |kidney |is |surgically |removed, |the |other |kidney |
increases |in |size
pathologic |hypertrophy- |cardiomegaly |results |from |an |increased |workload |in |hypertensive |
patients |/ |*left |ventricular |hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia |- |ANS |-Increase |in |NUMBER |of |cells. |Results |from |increased |rate |of |mitosis. |Can |
ONLY |happen |in |cells |that |are |capable |of |mitosis |(cell |division).
Hyperplasia |examples |- |ANS |-1. |Thickening |of |skin |because |of |hyperplasia |of |epidermal |cells.
2. |Hormonal |hyperplasia- |occurs |in |estrogen |dependent |organs |like |uterus |and |breast.
3. |Compensatory |hyperplasia- |liver |regenerates, |callus |on |skin
4. |Pathologic |hyperplasia- |estrogen |is |unopposed |by |progesterone |and |the |endometrial |lining |
undergoes |hyperplasia |and |increased |risk |for |endometrial |cancer
Dysplasia |- |ANS |-abnormal |changes |in |the |size, |shape, |and |organization |of |mature |cells |due |to |
persistent, |severe |cell |injury |or |irritation
Dysplasia |examples |- |ANS |-Pre |cancer |pap |smears |often |show |dysplastic |cells |of |the |cervix |that
|must |undergo |treatment.
Metaplasia |- |ANS |-Changed |cell |that |is |REVERSIBLE |(one |cell |is |replaced |by |another |cell). |
Exposure |to |chronic |stressors, |injury |or |irritation, |like |smoking |or |hydrochloric |acid |from |heart |
burn
Metaplasia |examples |- |ANS |-Most |common |is |change |from |columnar |cells |to |squamous |cells |
(chronic |smokers). |
Less |common |is |change |from |squamous |to |columnar |cells, |like |in |Barrett |Esophagus |caused |by
|heart |burn.
