Portage Learning: Microbiology Module
2What is cellular metabolism?
ATP has the energy to , while ADP has the capacity to energy. - ANS-Donate, accept
\Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - ANS-Chemotrophs,
which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can be divided
into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or
lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules.
\Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - ANS-Chemotrophs use oxidative
phosphorylation (as opposed to photo or substrate-level phosphorylation). Oxidative
phosphorylation utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform
ATP.
\Complete the following chemical reaction by placing the appropriate number in the blanks: -
ANS-6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H20 → C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+
\Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy? -
ANS-Polysaccharides, proteins and lipids can all serve as potential energy sources in the
absence of sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced carbon molecules
(high in hydrogen content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC cycles.
\How are the TCA and ETC related? - ANS-The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are
used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle (TCA) produces
an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the
electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor
force is generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be
produced.
\Hydrolases - ANS-catalyze hydrolysis—the cleavage or breaking apart of chemical bonds
by the addition of water. (i.e. A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H)
\In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where? - ANS-The process of
converting light energy into chemical energy (photophosphorylation) always occurs in the
membrane. Similar to the electron transport chain, one of its main functions is to generate a
proton concentration gradient to generate ATP.
\In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process
alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ANS-No. Additional enzymatic steps are
simply required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into the usable
forms of either glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate).
\In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ANS-Photosynthesis, the process of
capturing sunlight and converting it into usable energy source, occurs in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast contains the
green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
\Isomerases - ANS-promote intramolecular rearrangements by altering bonds and/or
confirmations within the same molecule producing a different molecule having the same
molecular formula, also known as an isomer. (i.e. A-B→ B-A)
\Ligases - ANS-cause covalent bonds to be formed between molecules. (i.e. A + B → A-B)
\Lyases - ANS-cause the cleavage (break) of bonds by means other than hydrolysis or
oxidation. (i.e. A-B → A + B)
2What is cellular metabolism?
ATP has the energy to , while ADP has the capacity to energy. - ANS-Donate, accept
\Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - ANS-Chemotrophs,
which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can be divided
into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as glucose) or
lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules.
\Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - ANS-Chemotrophs use oxidative
phosphorylation (as opposed to photo or substrate-level phosphorylation). Oxidative
phosphorylation utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform
ATP.
\Complete the following chemical reaction by placing the appropriate number in the blanks: -
ANS-6 CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + 12 H20 → C6H12O6 + 18 ADP + 12 NADP+
\Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy? -
ANS-Polysaccharides, proteins and lipids can all serve as potential energy sources in the
absence of sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced carbon molecules
(high in hydrogen content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC cycles.
\How are the TCA and ETC related? - ANS-The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are
used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle (TCA) produces
an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the
electrons are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor
force is generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be
produced.
\Hydrolases - ANS-catalyze hydrolysis—the cleavage or breaking apart of chemical bonds
by the addition of water. (i.e. A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H)
\In phosphorylation, the light reactions always occur where? - ANS-The process of
converting light energy into chemical energy (photophosphorylation) always occurs in the
membrane. Similar to the electron transport chain, one of its main functions is to generate a
proton concentration gradient to generate ATP.
\In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process
alternative sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ANS-No. Additional enzymatic steps are
simply required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into the usable
forms of either glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate).
\In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ANS-Photosynthesis, the process of
capturing sunlight and converting it into usable energy source, occurs in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast contains the
green photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
\Isomerases - ANS-promote intramolecular rearrangements by altering bonds and/or
confirmations within the same molecule producing a different molecule having the same
molecular formula, also known as an isomer. (i.e. A-B→ B-A)
\Ligases - ANS-cause covalent bonds to be formed between molecules. (i.e. A + B → A-B)
\Lyases - ANS-cause the cleavage (break) of bonds by means other than hydrolysis or
oxidation. (i.e. A-B → A + B)
