Portage Module 1 problem set questions
1. There are six levels of organization in the body - what are they? - ANS-- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ structure level
- organ system level
- organism level
\10. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. - ANS-Epithelial
tissue
\11. Name the three steps in cellular respiration. - ANS-Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle -
Electron Transport Chain
\12. What is the purpose of ATP? - ANS-It is an energy-rich molecule that powers cellular
activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
\13. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - ANS-They are specialized for tasks
such as secretion and absorption and these cells are under constant cell division to replace
dead cells that shed away
\14. What are the four basic tissue types? - ANS-Epithelium, muscle, connective, and
nervous tissue
\15. Review the figures in this lecture to recognize the major body systems. - ANS-I reviewed
it
\16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? - ANS-Superficial
\17. Away from the body surface is what direction? - ANS-Deep
\18. Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation? -
ANS-Intermediate
\19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? -
ANS-Medial
\2. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external
environment is provided by what system? - ANS-Integumentary System
\20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what
direction? - ANS-Inferior
\21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? -
ANS-Superior
\22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - ANS-Ventral
\23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - ANS-Distal
\24. Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - ANS-Proximal
\25. Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - ANS-Dorsal
\26. Closing of a joint is which action? - ANS-Flexion
\27. Opening of a joint is which action? - ANS-Extension
\28. In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - ANS-Supination
\29. Why are the hands in this position (answer from #28/above)? - ANS-It keeps the Radius
and Ulna from crossing over each other
\3. The function of movement is provided by what system? - ANS-Muscular system - but
skeletal system is responsible for framework of this system
\30. Define elevation and depression: - ANS-Elevation - Upward Movement of a structure
, Depression - Downward Movement of a structure
\31. Define retraction and protraction: - ANS-Retraction: Movement of a structure to be
drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Protraction: Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
\32. Look at the figure below of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the
direction of the arrow)? - ANS-Extension
\34. This body division includes the head neck and trunk? - ANS-Axial Division
\35. This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts - ANS-Sagittal Plane
\36. These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. -
ANS-Frontal Planes
\37. A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts: - ANS-Superior and Inferior
Parts
\38. These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. -
ANS-Oblique Sections
\39. This body cavity protects the nervous system. - ANS-The Dorsal Cavity
\4. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - ANS-Nervous System
\40. This body cavity encases the brain. - ANS-Cranial Cavity
\41. This cavity encloses the spinal cord. - ANS-The Vertebral or Spinal Cavity
\42. The frontal plane is also known as the plane. - ANS-Coronal Plane
\43. The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities: - ANS-Thoracic Cavity and the
Abdominopelvic Cavity
\44. This cavity encloses the heart: - ANS-Pericardial Cavity
\45. The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered
membrane called the - ANS-Serosa
\46. What is pleurisy? - ANS-When the serous membranes become inflamed. It shifts from a
smooth surface to a rough surface. Causes issues when organs move because instead of
gliding past each other they stick to each other and cause great pain to patients with this
condition.
\47. The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants? - ANS-right-upper
quadrant, left-upper quadrant, right-lower quadrant, and left-lower quadrant.
\48. This region surrounds the naval - ANS-Umbilical Region
\49. This region houses the pelvis. - ANS-The Hypogastric Region
\5. The function of digestion is provided by what system? - ANS-Digestive System
\50. This cavity houses the teeth and tongue. - ANS-Oral Cavity
\51. This cavity houses the eyes. - ANS-Orbital Cavity
\52. Joints are lined with what? - ANS-Synovial Cavities
\53. This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them. - ANS-Middle Ear Cavities;
(malleus, incus, and stapes)
\54. Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small. - ANS-Metabolizing
cells need to be relatively small so that the metabolic process can occur faster. If the surface
area is too big relative to the volume of a cell the diffusion of nutrients and metabolic process
will take longer to occur.
\55. Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ANS-1)
Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
2) Prokaryotic cells do not house their DNA in a nucleus - they don't have one
3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bound organelles of
eukaryotic cells.
\56. Explain the function of each of the following in the cell:
1. There are six levels of organization in the body - what are they? - ANS-- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ structure level
- organ system level
- organism level
\10. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. - ANS-Epithelial
tissue
\11. Name the three steps in cellular respiration. - ANS-Glycolysis - Citric Acid Cycle -
Electron Transport Chain
\12. What is the purpose of ATP? - ANS-It is an energy-rich molecule that powers cellular
activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
\13. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - ANS-They are specialized for tasks
such as secretion and absorption and these cells are under constant cell division to replace
dead cells that shed away
\14. What are the four basic tissue types? - ANS-Epithelium, muscle, connective, and
nervous tissue
\15. Review the figures in this lecture to recognize the major body systems. - ANS-I reviewed
it
\16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction? - ANS-Superficial
\17. Away from the body surface is what direction? - ANS-Deep
\18. Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation? -
ANS-Intermediate
\19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction? -
ANS-Medial
\2. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external
environment is provided by what system? - ANS-Integumentary System
\20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what
direction? - ANS-Inferior
\21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? -
ANS-Superior
\22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - ANS-Ventral
\23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - ANS-Distal
\24. Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - ANS-Proximal
\25. Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - ANS-Dorsal
\26. Closing of a joint is which action? - ANS-Flexion
\27. Opening of a joint is which action? - ANS-Extension
\28. In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination? - ANS-Supination
\29. Why are the hands in this position (answer from #28/above)? - ANS-It keeps the Radius
and Ulna from crossing over each other
\3. The function of movement is provided by what system? - ANS-Muscular system - but
skeletal system is responsible for framework of this system
\30. Define elevation and depression: - ANS-Elevation - Upward Movement of a structure
, Depression - Downward Movement of a structure
\31. Define retraction and protraction: - ANS-Retraction: Movement of a structure to be
drawn in the posterior direction (drawn backward)
Protraction: Movement of a structure to be drawn in the anterior direction (drawn forward)
\32. Look at the figure below of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the
direction of the arrow)? - ANS-Extension
\34. This body division includes the head neck and trunk? - ANS-Axial Division
\35. This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts - ANS-Sagittal Plane
\36. These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. -
ANS-Frontal Planes
\37. A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts: - ANS-Superior and Inferior
Parts
\38. These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. -
ANS-Oblique Sections
\39. This body cavity protects the nervous system. - ANS-The Dorsal Cavity
\4. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - ANS-Nervous System
\40. This body cavity encases the brain. - ANS-Cranial Cavity
\41. This cavity encloses the spinal cord. - ANS-The Vertebral or Spinal Cavity
\42. The frontal plane is also known as the plane. - ANS-Coronal Plane
\43. The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities: - ANS-Thoracic Cavity and the
Abdominopelvic Cavity
\44. This cavity encloses the heart: - ANS-Pericardial Cavity
\45. The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered
membrane called the - ANS-Serosa
\46. What is pleurisy? - ANS-When the serous membranes become inflamed. It shifts from a
smooth surface to a rough surface. Causes issues when organs move because instead of
gliding past each other they stick to each other and cause great pain to patients with this
condition.
\47. The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants? - ANS-right-upper
quadrant, left-upper quadrant, right-lower quadrant, and left-lower quadrant.
\48. This region surrounds the naval - ANS-Umbilical Region
\49. This region houses the pelvis. - ANS-The Hypogastric Region
\5. The function of digestion is provided by what system? - ANS-Digestive System
\50. This cavity houses the teeth and tongue. - ANS-Oral Cavity
\51. This cavity houses the eyes. - ANS-Orbital Cavity
\52. Joints are lined with what? - ANS-Synovial Cavities
\53. This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them. - ANS-Middle Ear Cavities;
(malleus, incus, and stapes)
\54. Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small. - ANS-Metabolizing
cells need to be relatively small so that the metabolic process can occur faster. If the surface
area is too big relative to the volume of a cell the diffusion of nutrients and metabolic process
will take longer to occur.
\55. Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - ANS-1)
Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
2) Prokaryotic cells do not house their DNA in a nucleus - they don't have one
3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bound organelles of
eukaryotic cells.
\56. Explain the function of each of the following in the cell:
