Advanced Biology Final Exam Review Exam
And Detailed Answers 2025.
Allele - Answer Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Benthic - Answer The bottom surface of an aquatic environment
Biotechnology - Answer The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce
useful products (ex. genetically engineered food)
Carrying Capacity - Answer The maximum population size that can be supported by the
available resources, symbolized as K (r = growth rate)
Cystic Fibrosis - Answer A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride
channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability
to infection; fatal if untreated (1 point mutation)
Diploid - Answer 2n; two sets of 23 chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the
father) (ex. liver cell, skin cell, somatic cell, zygote)
Haploid - Answer n = 23 (for humans); one set of chromosomes; consists of 22 autosomes and
1 sex chromosome (sex chromosome is X in an unfertilized egg (ovum))
Mitosis - Answer 2 daughter cells (diploid); same # of chromosomes (for growth and repair -
clones)
Meiosis - Answer Two divisions: meiosis I and II; 4 daughter cells (1/2 chromosome #) (begins
with diploid cells) (for reproduction - gametes)
Protein Synthesis - Answer The creation of proteins from their constituent amino acids, in
accordance with the genetic information carried in the DNA of the chromosomes
Codon - Answer A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code
, Polymerase - Answer An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork
by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain in the 5' -> 3' direction
Ligase - Answer Covalently connects segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) - seals free end of
new DNA
Helicase - Answer An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks;
separates DNA during replication
Telomerase - Answer An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres; the enzyme
includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments
Down's Syndrome - Answer A human genetic disease caused by presence of an extra
chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects (trisomy
21)
Enhancer - Answer A DNA segment containing multiple control elements that may be located
far away from the gene it regulates (Lac operon)
Inducer - Answer A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon (lac
operon)
Epigenetics - Answer The study of inherited changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene
expression caused by mechanisms (like environmental influences) other than changes in the
underlying DNA sequence
Exon - Answer A coding region of a eukaryotic gene; exons, which are expressed, are
separated from each other by introns
F Factor - Answer A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form
pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to
recipient; it may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome
Genotype - Answer The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism
And Detailed Answers 2025.
Allele - Answer Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Benthic - Answer The bottom surface of an aquatic environment
Biotechnology - Answer The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce
useful products (ex. genetically engineered food)
Carrying Capacity - Answer The maximum population size that can be supported by the
available resources, symbolized as K (r = growth rate)
Cystic Fibrosis - Answer A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride
channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability
to infection; fatal if untreated (1 point mutation)
Diploid - Answer 2n; two sets of 23 chromosomes (one from the mother and one from the
father) (ex. liver cell, skin cell, somatic cell, zygote)
Haploid - Answer n = 23 (for humans); one set of chromosomes; consists of 22 autosomes and
1 sex chromosome (sex chromosome is X in an unfertilized egg (ovum))
Mitosis - Answer 2 daughter cells (diploid); same # of chromosomes (for growth and repair -
clones)
Meiosis - Answer Two divisions: meiosis I and II; 4 daughter cells (1/2 chromosome #) (begins
with diploid cells) (for reproduction - gametes)
Protein Synthesis - Answer The creation of proteins from their constituent amino acids, in
accordance with the genetic information carried in the DNA of the chromosomes
Codon - Answer A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular
amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code
, Polymerase - Answer An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork
by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain in the 5' -> 3' direction
Ligase - Answer Covalently connects segments of DNA (Okazaki fragments) - seals free end of
new DNA
Helicase - Answer An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks;
separates DNA during replication
Telomerase - Answer An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres; the enzyme
includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments
Down's Syndrome - Answer A human genetic disease caused by presence of an extra
chromosome 21; characterized by mental retardation and heart and respiratory defects (trisomy
21)
Enhancer - Answer A DNA segment containing multiple control elements that may be located
far away from the gene it regulates (Lac operon)
Inducer - Answer A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon (lac
operon)
Epigenetics - Answer The study of inherited changes in phenotype (appearance) or gene
expression caused by mechanisms (like environmental influences) other than changes in the
underlying DNA sequence
Exon - Answer A coding region of a eukaryotic gene; exons, which are expressed, are
separated from each other by introns
F Factor - Answer A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form
pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to
recipient; it may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome
Genotype - Answer The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism
