ATI TEAS Science Portion-- STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% ACCURATE
Endoplasmic Reticulum - - rough ER: has ribosomes on the surface
- Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes on the surface
Mitochondria - generates ATP, involved in cell growth and death
- contains its own DNA that is seperate from that contained in the nucleus
- aerobic respiration occurs here
- inner membrane of mitochondria encloses matrix, which contains mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) and ribosomes
- between inner and outer membranes are folds (cristae)// chemical reactions occur here
Four functions of Mitochondria - 1. production of cell energy
2. cell signaling
3. cellular differentiation (process where a nondifferentiated cell becomes transformed into a cell
with a more specialized purpose)
4. cell cycle and growth regulation
Animal cell structure - - Centrosome: compromised of the pair of centrioles and surrounded by
protein. Involved in mitosis and cell cycle
- Centrioles: involved in cellular division// contains microtubules
- Lysosomes: digests proteins, lipids, carbohydrates. Transports undigested substance to the cell
membrane so they can be removed
- Cilia: causes the cell to move
- Flagella: tail like structures on cell that use whip-like movements to help the cell move
Nuclear Parts of a Cell - - Nucleus: contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of a cell. is the
defining structure of eukaryotic cells. contains nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear
pores, chromatin and ribosomes
- Chromosome: threadlike rods of DNA. dna is the genetic material that stores info about the
plant or animal
- Chromatin: consists of the DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
- Nucleolus: involved in protein synthesis and synthesizes and stores RNA
- Nuclear Envelope: encloses the structures of the nucleus. consists of inner and outer
membranes made of lipids
- Nuclear Pores: involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and cytoplasm
- Nucleoplasm: liquid within the nucleus (similar to cytoplasm)
Cell Membranes: - - thin, semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins. isolates the cell from
its external environment
- consists of phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic ends face external environment and inner layer
facing inside of cell. Hydrophobic ends face each other.
- Cholesterol in cell membrane adds stiffness and flexibility.
- Glycolipids help cell recognize other cells of the organisms.
,- proteins in cell membrane help give the cell shape.
Selective Permeability - - cell membrane only allows small molecules to diffuse through (o2,
h2o)
- molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually pass through cell membrane
Cell cycle - - Mitosis: daughter cell is EXACT replica of parent cell
- Meiosis: daughter cells have different genetic coding than parent cell. only happens in gametes
Cell Differentiation - - controlled by genes of each cell among a group of cells known as zygote.
- Example: gastrulation: an early phase in the embryonic development of most animals. during
this process, cells are organized into 3 germ layers (Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). nervous
system develops from ectoderm, muscular system develops from mesoderm, digestive system
develops from endoderm.
Mitosis - 1. Interphase: cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic
material. divided into G1, S, G2
2. Prophase: chromatin thickens into chromosomes and nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.
Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers form. mitotic spindle
moves chromosomes around within the cell
3. Metaphase: spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of
spindle structure.
4. Anaphase: sister chromosomes pull apart. when they are seperated, they are called daughter
chromosomes.
5. Telophase: spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes revert to
chromatin.
6. Cytokinesis: physical splitting of the cell into two cells.
Meiosis - 1. interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, cytokinesis 1;
chromosomes cross over, genetic material is exchanged, tetrads of four chromatids are formed.
One cell division occurs that results in TWO CELLS.
2. second division occurs including prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 and
cytokinesis 2. results in FOUR daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes. Daughter cells
are HAPLOID (half genetic material of the parent cell.
--- Meiosis encourages genetic diversity
Animal Tissues - - Epithelial: cells are joined together tightly (ex. Skin)
- Connective: may be dense, loose or fatty. protects and binds body parts. (ex: bone tissue,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, lymph)
- Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support for body parts. jelly like base and fibrous
- Blood: transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes; carries hormones and defends against
disease.
- Bone: hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues and organs. bone marrow produces
red blood cells
- Muscle: helps support and move body (ex. cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
, - Nervous: cells called neurons form a network through the body that control responses to
changes in external and internal environment (located in brain, spinal cord and nerves.
11 major organ sytems - 1. integumentary
2. respiratory
3. cardiovascular
4. endocrine
5. nervous
6. immune
7. digestive
8. excretory
9. muscular
10. skeletal
11. reproductive
Terms of direction (anatomy) - - Medial: near the midline of the body (ex. pinky is medial to
thumb)
- Lateral: further away from body's midline (ex. thumb is lateral to pinky)
- Proximal: closer to the center of th body (ex. hip is proximal to knee)
- Distal: further away from center of the body (ex. knee is distal to hip)
- Anterior: front
- Posterior: behind
- Cephalad/Cephalic: toward the head
- Caudad: towards the tail or posterior
- Superior: above, closer to head
- Inferior: below, closer to fet
Three body planes - 1. Transverse (horizontal): divides body into superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) halves
2. Sagittal: divides body vertically into right and left sections. runs parallel to midline of body
3. Coronal (frontal): divides body into front and back sections.
Respiratory System - -Upper Respiratory System: nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx
- Lower Respiratory System: trachea, lungs, bronchial tree
Respiratory System cont'd - - airway is lined with cilia that traps microbes/debris
-lungs house bronchi and bronchial network, which extends into the lungs and terminate in
millions of alveoli (air sacs)
- right lung has THREE LOBES; left lung has TWO LOBES (space for the heart)
-lungs surrounded by pleural membrane, which reduces friction btwn surfaces when breathing
-respiratory muscles include diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Functions of respiratory system - - supply body with oxygen and rid body of CO2 (exchange
occurs in alveoli surrounded by blood capillaries)
- Filters air (warm, moist before it reaches lungs)
Endoplasmic Reticulum - - rough ER: has ribosomes on the surface
- Smooth ER: does not have ribosomes on the surface
Mitochondria - generates ATP, involved in cell growth and death
- contains its own DNA that is seperate from that contained in the nucleus
- aerobic respiration occurs here
- inner membrane of mitochondria encloses matrix, which contains mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) and ribosomes
- between inner and outer membranes are folds (cristae)// chemical reactions occur here
Four functions of Mitochondria - 1. production of cell energy
2. cell signaling
3. cellular differentiation (process where a nondifferentiated cell becomes transformed into a cell
with a more specialized purpose)
4. cell cycle and growth regulation
Animal cell structure - - Centrosome: compromised of the pair of centrioles and surrounded by
protein. Involved in mitosis and cell cycle
- Centrioles: involved in cellular division// contains microtubules
- Lysosomes: digests proteins, lipids, carbohydrates. Transports undigested substance to the cell
membrane so they can be removed
- Cilia: causes the cell to move
- Flagella: tail like structures on cell that use whip-like movements to help the cell move
Nuclear Parts of a Cell - - Nucleus: contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of a cell. is the
defining structure of eukaryotic cells. contains nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear
pores, chromatin and ribosomes
- Chromosome: threadlike rods of DNA. dna is the genetic material that stores info about the
plant or animal
- Chromatin: consists of the DNA and protein that makes up chromosomes
- Nucleolus: involved in protein synthesis and synthesizes and stores RNA
- Nuclear Envelope: encloses the structures of the nucleus. consists of inner and outer
membranes made of lipids
- Nuclear Pores: involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and cytoplasm
- Nucleoplasm: liquid within the nucleus (similar to cytoplasm)
Cell Membranes: - - thin, semipermeable membrane of lipids and proteins. isolates the cell from
its external environment
- consists of phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic ends face external environment and inner layer
facing inside of cell. Hydrophobic ends face each other.
- Cholesterol in cell membrane adds stiffness and flexibility.
- Glycolipids help cell recognize other cells of the organisms.
,- proteins in cell membrane help give the cell shape.
Selective Permeability - - cell membrane only allows small molecules to diffuse through (o2,
h2o)
- molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually pass through cell membrane
Cell cycle - - Mitosis: daughter cell is EXACT replica of parent cell
- Meiosis: daughter cells have different genetic coding than parent cell. only happens in gametes
Cell Differentiation - - controlled by genes of each cell among a group of cells known as zygote.
- Example: gastrulation: an early phase in the embryonic development of most animals. during
this process, cells are organized into 3 germ layers (Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). nervous
system develops from ectoderm, muscular system develops from mesoderm, digestive system
develops from endoderm.
Mitosis - 1. Interphase: cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic
material. divided into G1, S, G2
2. Prophase: chromatin thickens into chromosomes and nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.
Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell and spindle fibers form. mitotic spindle
moves chromosomes around within the cell
3. Metaphase: spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along the center of
spindle structure.
4. Anaphase: sister chromosomes pull apart. when they are seperated, they are called daughter
chromosomes.
5. Telophase: spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes revert to
chromatin.
6. Cytokinesis: physical splitting of the cell into two cells.
Meiosis - 1. interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, cytokinesis 1;
chromosomes cross over, genetic material is exchanged, tetrads of four chromatids are formed.
One cell division occurs that results in TWO CELLS.
2. second division occurs including prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 and
cytokinesis 2. results in FOUR daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes. Daughter cells
are HAPLOID (half genetic material of the parent cell.
--- Meiosis encourages genetic diversity
Animal Tissues - - Epithelial: cells are joined together tightly (ex. Skin)
- Connective: may be dense, loose or fatty. protects and binds body parts. (ex: bone tissue,
cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, lymph)
- Cartilage: cushions and provides structural support for body parts. jelly like base and fibrous
- Blood: transports oxygen to cells and removes wastes; carries hormones and defends against
disease.
- Bone: hard tissue that supports and protects softer tissues and organs. bone marrow produces
red blood cells
- Muscle: helps support and move body (ex. cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
, - Nervous: cells called neurons form a network through the body that control responses to
changes in external and internal environment (located in brain, spinal cord and nerves.
11 major organ sytems - 1. integumentary
2. respiratory
3. cardiovascular
4. endocrine
5. nervous
6. immune
7. digestive
8. excretory
9. muscular
10. skeletal
11. reproductive
Terms of direction (anatomy) - - Medial: near the midline of the body (ex. pinky is medial to
thumb)
- Lateral: further away from body's midline (ex. thumb is lateral to pinky)
- Proximal: closer to the center of th body (ex. hip is proximal to knee)
- Distal: further away from center of the body (ex. knee is distal to hip)
- Anterior: front
- Posterior: behind
- Cephalad/Cephalic: toward the head
- Caudad: towards the tail or posterior
- Superior: above, closer to head
- Inferior: below, closer to fet
Three body planes - 1. Transverse (horizontal): divides body into superior (upper) and inferior
(lower) halves
2. Sagittal: divides body vertically into right and left sections. runs parallel to midline of body
3. Coronal (frontal): divides body into front and back sections.
Respiratory System - -Upper Respiratory System: nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx
- Lower Respiratory System: trachea, lungs, bronchial tree
Respiratory System cont'd - - airway is lined with cilia that traps microbes/debris
-lungs house bronchi and bronchial network, which extends into the lungs and terminate in
millions of alveoli (air sacs)
- right lung has THREE LOBES; left lung has TWO LOBES (space for the heart)
-lungs surrounded by pleural membrane, which reduces friction btwn surfaces when breathing
-respiratory muscles include diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Functions of respiratory system - - supply body with oxygen and rid body of CO2 (exchange
occurs in alveoli surrounded by blood capillaries)
- Filters air (warm, moist before it reaches lungs)
