PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY EXAM 2 SHADWICK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY EXAM 2 SHADWICK 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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Nucleotides are composed of: - ANS sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base What forms the backbone for a nucleic acid? - ANS sugar, phosphate What are the 4 nitrogenous bases? - ANS Thymine, Cytosine (Pyrimidines) and Adenine, and Guanine (Purines) Which nitrogenous bases pair? - ANS A-T, C-G (DNA) A-U, C-G (RNA) DNA replication depends on: - ANS specific base pairing What holds DNA strands together? - ANS hydrogen bonds What does DNA polymerase do? - ANS grabs onto a single strand What does DNA helices do? -

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PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY EXAM 2
SHADWICK 2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

Nucleotides are composed of: - ANS sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

What forms the backbone for a nucleic acid? - ANS sugar, phosphate

What are the 4 nitrogenous bases? - ANS Thymine, Cytosine (Pyrimidines) and Adenine, and
Guanine (Purines)

Which nitrogenous bases pair? - ANS A-T, C-G (DNA) A-U, C-G (RNA)

DNA replication depends on: - ANS specific base pairing

What holds DNA strands together? - ANS hydrogen bonds

What does DNA polymerase do? - ANS grabs onto a single strand

What does DNA helices do? - ANS unzips the two parent strands by interfering with the
hydrogen bonds

Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1

, 3 stages of transcription: - ANS initiation, elongation, termination

Initiation (Transcription) - ANS starts with a promoter region that is recognized as the
starting point of gene sequence

Elongation (Transcription) - ANS base pairing occurs (T-A, G-C)

Termination (Transcription) - ANS as RNA polymerase gets to the endpoint it lets go of the
completed mRNA so it can be exported from the nucleus

Translation (Transcription) - ANS a ribosome attaches to mRNA; tRNA translates the
messages into a polypeptide

What do codons do? - ANS they specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

How do mutations occur? - ANS changes in the DNA sequence caused by some error in DNA
or mutagens

What is a phage? - ANS a virus that reproduces itself in bacteria

Lytic cycle (Viruses) - ANS 1. Phage DNA enters a bacterium, then it is replicated, transcribed,
and translated
2. Viral DNA assembles into new phages, which burst from the host cell

Lysogenic cycle (Viruses) - ANS Phage DNA inserts into host chromosome and is passed on to
generation of daughter cells

Explain AIDS: - ANS 1. Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome

Copyright ©2025 BRIGHTSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2

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