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Cel tot molecuul Thema 5 Monogenetische ziekten en overervingspatronen

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Thema 5 Monogenetische ziekten en overervingspatronen
HC15: Overervingspatroon 1

Monogenetische aandoeningen -> single-gene disorders
- Mendeliaanse overering veroorzaak door een mutatie in een enkel gen
 Alkaptonuria -> homogentisatie 1,2-dioxygenase genen
 Bijna 4000 genen bekend voor ziekten

Familie-informatie verkrijgen voor genetica
- Familie history in stamboom
 Pedigree drawing (stamboom)
- Proband -> eerste affected member of a family studied
 Rondje is vrouw, vierkant man
 Proband (proposita, index case)
- More family members -> sibs (broers en zussen)
 Grote families makkelijker genetisch onderzoek
- First-degree, second-degree etc
- Eind resultaat -> extended family = kindred

Lidsky family -> retinitis pigmentosa -> diffuse retinal degeneration
- DHDDS -> enzym verandering
- Eenvoudig urine test kan dit genetisch defect opsporen

Locus -> plaats in het genoom
Allel -> alternatieve variatie van een gen (meerdere allelen op één locus)
Wild-type -> meest voorkomende allel
Variant/mutant -> afwijking van wild type
- Polymorfisme -> gebeurt 1x in de evolutie en die variant wordt over de aardbol verspreid (waar
je niet ziek van wordt verandering in het DNA)
- Mutatie -> waar je ziek van wordt -> nieuw in de familie (populatie heeft variant zelden)

A gene mutation (allele) at a specific in the genome that causes retinitis pigmentosa

Genotype -> setje allelen van een persoon op een bepaalde locus
Fenotype -> hoe de ziekte zich uit -> observable expression of a genome

Single-gene disorder -> determined by allele(s) at a single locus
- Dominant
- Recessief
- Compound heterzoysoot -> twee verschillende mutant allelen
- Hemizygoot –> een mutant allel op X chromosoom in een man
- Mitochondriaal -> DNA mitochondrien helemaal apart van chromosomen

Dominant -> fenotype door één mutant gen
- Puur dominant -> niet uitmaken maar één kopie of beide
- Incompleet dominant (semidominant) -> met twee nog erger
- Co-dominant (ABO bloedgroep) -> verschillende allelen zoals bij bloedvat
Recessief -> als fenotype alleen voorkomt wanneer beide kopie op een locus gemuteerd zijn.

, Penetrance -> all or none concept
- An individual with the mutation has the fenotype or not (reduced penetrance – non penetrenat)
- Verschillen in fenotypische expressive -> verschillen in pedigree interpretatie

Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Deficientie van phenylalanine hydroxylase (phenylaline -> tyrosine) fenotype -> mentale
retardatie, eczeem, pigment afwijkingen

Pleiotropie -> één gen leidt tot verschillende traits

Expressiviteit -> severity of the expression of the fenotype in an individual with the mutation -> variable
expression
- Patients with the same mutation can have a different fenotypische expressive -> for instance
age-dependent
- Neurofibromatose type 1

Age at onset -> congenital is al bij geboorte

Factoren waar je dingen niet zeker weet
- Small pedigrees
- Slechte diagnose
- Nieuwe mutaties
- Non-paterniteit/non-materniteit

Genetic heterogeneity
- Allelic heternogeneity > different alleles at certain locus
 Alleles have different functional consequiences -> different severity of the disease ->
homoglobinopathy
- Locus heterogeneity -> different loci (genes) cause same fenotype
 Different genes have similar functional consequence -> retinitis pigmentosa, doofheid
(assorted mating -> different genes)
- Phetnotypic heterogeneity
 Different mutations in the same gene cause very different phenotypes (diseases)
 Loss-of-function vs hyperfunction of mutated gene product
 Becker vs Duchennes?
 Bij te weinig activiteit calcium kanaal -> cerebellar ataxia, te veel activiteit
hemiplegic migraine

Y-linked -> holandric inherintance -> alleen mannen aangedaan




HC16: Overervingspatronen II

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