EARTH 458 Final Practice Exam | Verified with 100% Correct Answers

EARTH 458 Final Practice Exam | Verified with 100% Correct Answers 1.2 What is the difference between hydrology and hydrogeology? A: Hydrology is the study of water on and in the earth, while B hydrogeology is the study of water in the earth B: Hydrology is the study of atmospheric water, while hydrogeology is the study of water on and in the earth C: Hydrology is the study of surface water, while hydrogeology is the study of subsurface water D: There is no difference 1.2 The Region of Waterloo's Mannheim water treatment plant is unique because A: It is primarily used to treat and improve groundwater quality. B: The Region of Waterloo's water supply is so clean, it does not have to work very hard. C: It treats surface water that is occasionally then injected and stored in the subsurface for when it is needed. D: It softens the naturally hard water found in the Region of Waterloo. 1.2 Which of the following does not describe groundwater? A: Soil water B: Unsaturated zone water C: Water beneath the water table D: Surface runoff 1.2 Which reservoir contains most of the world's available freshwater? A: Groundwater B: Glaciers C: Oceans D: The Great Lakes 1.2 Which Canadian Province is most reliant on groundwater for its water supply? A: Saskatchewan B: Prince Edward Island C: Alberta D: Quebec E: Ontario F: Nova Scotia 1.3 Which of the following is not a name for a water budget? A: Continuity equation B: Conservation equation C: Water balance D: Water cycle 1.3 Which of the following is NOT an example of an inflow or an outflow? A: Any type of fluid mass transfer process B: Groundwater C: Groundwater recharge D: Transpiration E: Precipitation 1.3 Which of the following components of the Lake Erie water budget is not an input to the lake? A: Groundwater discharge B: Evapotranspiration C: Streamflow in D: Precipitation 1.3 A drainage basin is the basic areal unit of examination for __________________________, and is delineated by __________________________. A: urban systems, groundwater divides B: groundwater, groundwater divides C: surface water, groundwater divides D: surface water, topographic divides E: groundwater, topographic divides 1.3 The definition of steady state is A: Steady state is when a value never changes under any circumstances B: Steady state is when the average of a value increases over a period of time C: Steady state is when the average of a value does not change over a period of time, even if individual measurements of the value itself vary D: Steady state is when a value changes constantly 1.3 Which of the following is the conservation equation in its most basic form? A: Reservoirs - Processes = Outputs B: Inputs - Outputs = Change in Storage C: Evaporation - Precipitation = Groundwater D: Outputs + Inputs = Conservation E: Precipitation + Evaporation = Groundwater 1.4 Which of the following terms are not used to refer to a confining unit? A: aquitard B: aquiclude C: aquifuge D: confined aquifer E: leaky confining bed 1.4 Which of these terms is sometimes used to refer to a confined aquifer? A: Water table aquifer B: Phreatic aquifer C: Artesian aquifer D: Perched aquifer 1.4 Which of the following does not describes a spring? A: A spring is a location where groundwater seeps out onto the land surface. B: A spring is an example of a groundwater "outcrop". C: A spring forms primarily in confined aquifers. D: Springs are often flow year-round, even in sub-zero temperatures. 1.4 Which of the following statements about glacial sediments is false? A: Glacial features like moraines and eskers form important aquifers. B: Glacial sediments can form both aquifers and aquitards. C: Tills can result in extensive aquifers. D: Moraines form important aquifers in southern Ontario. 1.4 Which of these parts of the definition of "aquifer" makes the term somewhat ambiguous and vague? A: economic rate B: permeable material C: porous formation 2.3 Effective porosity is defined as: A: the volume of voids which contribute to flow divided by the volume of the solids. B: the volume of voids which contribute to flow divided by the total volume. C: the volume of voids which contribute to flow divided by the total volume of voids. D: the volume of saturated voids divided by the total volume. 2.3 Which of the following statements best describes a representative elementary volume? A: Is the same volume at the field and laboratory scale. B: The smallest volume of a sample that provides the same value of a property everywhere it is measured. C: A porosity that incorporates a very large volume D: A property of a media that is standard and can be found in a table in a book 2.3 Porosity is not affected by which of the following factors? A: Cementation B: Grain size C: Water content D: Dissolution E: Grain sorting 2.3 Dry bulk density provides: A: A measure of solid mass over fluid volume B: A measure of the fluid mass over the total volume C: A measure of solid mass over total volume D: A measure of fluid mass over fluid volume 2.3 Which of the following is calculated using only volume (e.g., solid volume, air volume, liquid volume)? A: Bulk density B: Grain size C: Sorting D: Porosity 2.3 Which of the following is not an example of secondary porosity: A: Worm burrows B: Sediment deposition C: Dissolution D: Jointing 2.4 Specific yield is A: the same thing as field capacity. B: the same thing as the wilting point. C: the amount of water held by soils after gravity drainage ceased. D: the amount of water released by soils due to gravity drainage. 2.4 Which of the following is calculated using only volume (e.g., solid volume, air volume, liquid volume)? A:Grain size B: Gravimetric water content C: Porosity D: Bulk density 2.4 Which of the following parameters is calculated using only volume (i.e., solid volume, fluid volume, air volume, or a combination of those volumes): A: Bulk density B: Saturation C: Grain size D: Gravimetric water content 2.4 Which of the following methods is a destructive way to determine soil moisture content? A: direct measurement B: neutron probe C: tensiometer D: resistance cell 2.4 Specific yield is typically greatest in which type of porous media? A: clay B: fractured crystalline rock C: sand D: limestone 3.2 The dimensions for hydraulic head are A: L B: L^2/T^2 C: L^2 D: [-] dimensionless 3.2 Which of the following does not describe gravitational head? A: Has dimensions of length B: A measure of fluid potential based on position relative to an arbitrary datum C: Is the distance from the datum to the midpoint of the screen in a piezometer D: A measure of fluid potential relative to gravity on a volumetric basis 3.2 What happens to energy in a porous media as fluid moves? A: It is converted to heat. B: Fluid moves independent of energy. C: It is lost. D: It is converted to potential. 3.2 Which of the following force potentials is commonly a measurable component of the energy in hydraulic head? A: Kinetic B: Osmotic C: Electric D: Pressure 3.2 In a piezometer, the pressure head is A: the height of the water above the screen B: the height of the screen above the datum C: the depth to water from the land surface D: the depth to the screen from the land surface 3.2 Which of the following pieces of information are not needed to determine the gravimetric head at a well? A: Height of screen above/below the datum B: Depth to water C: Datum 3.2 What causes motion? A: Volumetric water content. B: Equal hydraulic heads. C: A force imbalance. D: Sand/clay interface. 3.3 A hydraulic gradient is... A: A vector property, with both a magnitude and direction B: A scalar property, with only a magnitude C: Calculated using grain size D: An arbitrary datum 3.3 How many wells are required at a minimum to determine a complete hydraulic gradient? A: 1 B: 2 C: 3 D: 4 E: 5 3.3 The hydraulic gradient is defined as: A: the change in pore pressure divided by the flow distance. B: the change in pressure head divided by the change in elevation head. C: the change in total head divided by the flow distance. D: the change in elevation head divided by the flow distance. 3.3 A hydraulic gradient: A: Is a measure of the pressure energy in a fluid B: Indicates the potential for a fluid to move C: Is also known as hydraulic head D: In most groundwater settings, is just the gravitational pressure force 3.3 Which of these best describes hydrostatic conditions? A: Unchanging hydraulic gradients B: Transient hydraulic head C: Unchanging gravimetric head D: Changing hydraulic gradients 3.3 In hydraulic equilibrium... A: gravimetric heads change, but at a constant rate. B: pressure heads are the same everywhere in a porous media. C: hydraulic heads change, but at a constant rate. D: hydraulic heads are the same everywhere in a porous media. 3.3 Groundwater flows: A: down-gradient. B: downhill. C: from high pressures to low pressures. D: from areas of high gravity to low gravity. 3.3 Fresh-water head: A: is used to calculate point-water head. B: is used to calculate salt-water density. C: is always the same as point-water head. D: could be less than point-water head in a salty aquifer. 4.2 Darcy's Law includes all of the following components except: A: Hydraulic conductivity B: Hydraulic gradient C: Discharge rate D: Void ratio 4.2 Which of the following is not a form of the Darcy equation? A: q=-KAi B: Q/A=-Ki C: Q=-KAi D: Q=-KA(dh/dl) 4.2 Which of the following best describes average linear velocity? A: Average linear velocity is the same thing as the Darcy velocity B: Average linear velocity is the same thing as the Darcy flux C: Average linear velocity is the same thing as the Darcy flux divided by the porosity D: Average linear velocity is the same thing as the Darcy flux multiplied by the hydraulic gradient 4.2 Groundwater travel time can be calculated by: A: Dividing the flowpath length by the average linear velocity B: Multiplying the Darcy flux by flowpath length C: Dividing the flowpath length by the Darcy flux D: Multiplying the average linear velocity by the flowpath length 4.2 The Reynold's number: A: Is a calculation that determines whether hydraulic conductivity measurements are correct B: Provides a means to determine groundwater travel times C: Evaluates the validity of using Darcy's Law in various situations D: Determines the size of the Representative Elementary Volume 4.2 Darcy's Law does not work in all of the following situations except: A: Areas with turbulent flow B: Areas with laminar flow C: Areas with very low permeability sediments D: Areas with very high hydraulic gradients 4.2 Which of the following does not describe discharge in Darcy's Law? A: It is the same thing as the hydraulic gradient B: If divided by area, it provides a specific discharge C: It has dimensions of [L3/T] D: It varies directly with changes to hydraulic conductivity 4.3 Which of the following does not describe hydraulic conductivity A: K is a function of both fluid and media properties B: K is the same thing as intrinsic permeability C: K is dependent on the temperature D: A soil can have a different hydraulic conductivity depending on the fluid flowing through it 4.3 Which of the following describes media with a homogeneous hydraulic conductivity? A: K is the same in all locations B: K is different in all locations C: K is the same in all directions D: K is different in all directions 4.3 Which of the following describes media with an anisotropic hydraulic conductivity? A: K is the same in all directions B: K is different in all locations C: K is the same in all locations D: K is different in all directions 4.3 It is possible to determine hydraulic conductivity if all but which one of these properties is known: A: bulk density B: hydraulic gradient C: cross-sectional area D: specific discharge 4.3 To completely describe a vector property like hydraulic conductivity, the answer must contain: A: just a magnitude B: just a direction C: both a direction and a magnitude D: neither a direction nor a magnitude 4.3 Flow in the vertical direction in a horizontally layered porous media is dominated by: A: the unit with the highest hydraulic conductivity. B: the unit with the lowest hydraulic conductivity. C: the sandiest unit. D: the arithmetic mean of the hydraulic conductivities of all the units. 4.3 Which of the following best describes trending heterogeneity? A: Results from deposition of sediments in the bottom of lakes, where low energy systems drop fine grained materials, with occasional pulses of coarser grained material deposition during floods. B: Typically found in a glacial moraine, with various sands, silts, clays, and cobbles mixed together. C: Results from separation of continuous layered units because of earthquakes and other faulting. D: Typically found in alluvial fans, where energy is high near the initial outlet, and then decreasing into the valley. Results in coarser material near the source and finer grained material into the valley. 4.4 A d50 value means that: A: 50% of the grains are bigger than a given grain size B: The viscosity of a fluid is 50% C: The hydraulic conductivity of a sediment is 50% D: The porosity of a sediment is 50% 4.4 Permeameters provide information on: A: vertical hydraulic conductivity B: horizontal hydraulic conductivity C: porosity D: undisturbed samples in the field 4.4 A falling head permeameter is best for: A: determining hydraulic conductivity for a sand or other high K sediment B: determining hydraulic conductivity for any sediment C: should never be used to determine hydraulic conductivity D: determining hydraulic conductivity for a silt or other low K sediment 4.4 A constant head permeameter is best for: A: should never be used to determine hydraulic conductivity B: determining hydraulic conductivity for a silt or other low K sediment C: determining hydraulic conductivity for a sand or other high K sediment D: determining hydraulic conductivity for any sediment 5.2 Which one of the following statements is correct? A: It is not possible to determine flow directions from either a potentiometric profile or a potentiometric surface map B: A 2D potentiometric profile should never be constructed using hydraulic head measurements from more than one aquifer C: A 2D potentiometric surface map should never be constructed using hydraulic head measurements from more than one aquifer D: A water table map and a potentiometric profile show the same thing 5.2 Which of these answers describe a no-flow boundary for a homogeneous and isotropic sediment? A: the boundary is a flow line B: neither flow lines nor equipotential lines are parallel to the boundary C: equipotential lines are parallel to the boundary D: flow lines are parallel to the boundary 5.2 A discharge area is: A: typically found at the top of a hill B: a location where hydraulic head is highest C: a location where hydraulic head is lowest D: a location where streamlines diverge 5.2 An equipotential line indicates: A: an area where groundwater recharges equally B: an imaginary line that traces the path a particle of water would take as it flows through an aquifer C: a graphical solution to the Darcy equation D: a contour line indicating points of equal hydraulic head 5.2 When calculating flux using a flow net: A: flow lines and equipotential lines never cross. B: the quantity of flow per unit width stream tube is the same. C: flow can only be determined for perfect squares or boxes. D: Darcy's Law is not valid. 5.2 At boundaries of formations with differing hydraulic conductivities, flow lines A: stop completely B: refract, with a higher horizontal flow component in the media with higher hydraulic conductivity C: continue in the same direction D: cross the boundary at a right angle 5.2 In a water table boundary, A: flow lines are perpendicular to the boundary. B: the boundary is always an equipotential line. C: hydraulic head is equal to the gravimetric head. D: the boundary is always a flow line. 5.2 Which of the following statements best describes anisotropic media? A; Anisotropic media results in a flow net that is no different than one drawn for isotropic media B: Anisotropic media require special transformations to create a flow net when Kx/Kz = 1 C: A flow net constructed for anisotropic media does not allow for calculation of discharge D: The flow net constructed for anisotropic media is not orthogonal 5.3 In the quick condition, A: the weight of buildings is greater than the land surface can hold, causing them to lean B: the fluid pressure is really small, causing landslides C: compaction results in subsidence D: the effective stress becomes really small and soil grains no longer touch 5.3 Which of the following cause a change in water level without changing the amount of water in the subsurface? (Select all that are correct) A: The passage of a heavily loaded train B: Infiltration and recharge C; Tidal cycles D: A low pressure system replacing a high pressure system 5.3 Which of the following does not accurately complete the following statement? Increased fluid pressure... A: can cause earthquakes B: results in consolidation C: will result in decreased effective stress if the total stress is constant D: can cause landslides 5.3 What is total stress? A: A combination of shear stress and effective stress B: The weight of the overlying material per unit area C: A combination of effective stress and the weight of the overlying material D: The weight of just fluid per unit area surrounding the sample location 5.4 To determine aquifer yield in a confined aquifer, A: multiply the specific retention by the cross-sectional area of the aquifer times the change in head B: multiply the specific storage by the cross-sectional area of the aquifer times the change in head C: multiply the storage coefficient by the cross-sectional area of the aquifer times the change in head D: multiply the specific yield by the cross-sectional area of the aquifer times the change in head 5.4 Which of the following does not describe land subsidence? A: Land subsidence due to groundwater pumping has resulted in several meters of land surface decline in some places. B: Land subsidence occurs when too much water is pumped out of the ground. C: Land subsidence is easily remediated by pumping water back into aquifers. D: Land subsidence occurs when clays are dewatered. 5.4 Which of the following does not describe Storativity? A: For an unconfined aquifer, storativity is realistically the specific yield times the aquifer thickness B: For a confined aquifer, storativity is equal to the specific storage times the thickness of the aquifer. C: Is dimensionless D: Is sometimes called the storage coefficient 5.4 A change in porosity over time is: A: A result of transmissivity B: A result of compression of the aquifer matrix C: A result of the static water level D: A result of specific yield 5.4 During pumping, water is released from the formation. In a confined aquifer, the water is produced from what is known as: A: specific storage B: permeability C: storativity D: specific yield 5.4 Changes in the volume of a porous medium in groundwater systems most commonly result from: A: Compression of the solids B: Compression of the porous media C: Expansion of the water D: The volume of a porous medium is constant 5.4 A municipal well operator has two pumping wells located on opposite sides of the city. One is located in a confined aquifer, the other in an unconfined aquifer. Both aquifers have the same porosity. During pumping, water levels drop by only 1 meter in both aquifer. Which of the following statements is true? A: More water is produced from the unconfined aquifer than the confined aquifer B: It is not possible to determine which aquifer produced more water C: More water is produced from the confined aquifer than the unconfined aquifer D: The same amount of water is produced from both aquifers 6.2 In the Laplace Equation: A: The hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be heterogeneous and isotropic B: Flow only occurs in the x-direction C: There is no change in storage D: Porosity is assumed to vary with time E: The REV concept is not valid 6.2 All of the following concepts relate to the left hand side of the Law of Conservation of Mass except: A: Darcy's Law B: Mass Flux Out C: Mass Flux In D: Change in Storage E: Fluid Density F: Area 6.2 For transient groundwater flow equation, a change in storage is represented by: A: A changing volumetric water content B: Fluid compressibility (expansion) and solid compressibility C: Fluid compressibility (expansion) and aquifer compressibility D: Solid compressibility and aquifer compressibility E: The Darcy Flux times porosity 6.2 Transient groundwater flow equations incorporate all of the following concepts except: A: Specific Storage B: Hydraulic Conductivity C: Darcy's Law D: Law of Conservation of Mass E: Hydraulic Head F: Quick Condition G: Porosity 6.2 The Darcy Flux has units that are: A: Volume over Time B: Mass over Length Squared C: Mass Squared D: Length Squared E: Length over Time 6.2 To convert a groundwater flux rate to a mass based equation, it is necessary to multiply the Darcy flux by: A: Saturation B: Porosity C: Permeability D: Fluid Density E: Hydraulic Head F: Volumetric Water Content 6.3 Along all groundwater divides A: Groundwater cannot freely flow across the divide. B: The regional groundwater flow system separates into two flow fields flowing in opposite directions from each other. C: The divide and the hinge line are at the same location in the subsurface. D: All of the above 6.3 Under the Dupuit Assumptions the groundwater flow system must be under steady state flow condition.