Bio 2301 Lecture Exam 2 UPDATED Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is long term memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - The ability to recall information
days and years from when the short term memory first occurred. Has an unlimited capacity.
Requires protein synthesis and generation of neural connections
What is implicit memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - Non-declarative retention without
remembering. Example: motor memory (driving)
What is explicit memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - The conscious effort to recall
something that can be verabalized. Abstract(general images/ideas) and Episodic (personally
experienced memories)
What is short term memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - Registers incoming information for
a short period of time. Only temporary.
What is consolidation? What happens physically for consolidation to occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Taking short term memories and making them long term. Physically- MRNA
goes to axons/dendrites, then the dendrite spines change shape creating a unique extra cell.
Proteins are deposited in engaged synapses. The presynaptic terminals increase in size and
number, and more neurotransmitters are released.
What specific areas of the brain are involved with formation and recall of memories? -
CORRECT ANSWER - The temporal lobe (amygdala/hippocampus), responsible for
consolidation
The limbic system
The prefrontal cortex
What is the capacity for forming short-term and long-term memories? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Short term: only a temporary capacity, it is lost if not converted to long term.
Long-term: unlimited capacity.
,What hemisphere is language processed in? - CORRECT ANSWER - Left
Differentiate between Broca's and Wernicke's areas for language. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Brocas: responsible for motor aspects of language
Wernickes: responsible for comprehension of speech and sentence formation.
What are the analogs (analogous structures for Broca's/Wernicke's) and what role do they each
play? - CORRECT ANSWER - They are present in the right hemisphere, associated with
artistic and intuitive processes.
Wernickes- ability to recognize emotion in speech
Brocas- ability to put inflection in speech
What are some differences in the general functions of the right and left hemispheres? -
CORRECT ANSWER - The left hemisphere is responsible for language, analysis, and the
ability to speak, write, and calculate.
The right hemisphere is responsible for visuospatial abilities- pattern comprehension, facial
recognition, and music composition.
What is a muscle cell/fiber? - CORRECT ANSWER - An individual cell where
contraction occurs.
What is a myofibril? - CORRECT ANSWER - Contractile fibers that contain proteins
within a muscle cell
What is myofilament? - CORRECT ANSWER - Thick/thin filaments throughout the
length of the myofibril
What is the sarcomere? - CORRECT ANSWER - Arrangement of myofibrils within a cell.
The functional unit of contraction where mechanical events occur in the cell.
, How is the sarcomere organized? (Z disks, titin, thick/thin filaments, arrangement within
sarcomere) - CORRECT ANSWER - Thin filaments are made of actin an connected at z
disks. The thick filaments are made of myosin and anchored by z disks ad titin. The M line is in
the middle. The H zone contains only thick filament, and it decreases with contraction. The I
band is thin filament and it shortens with contraction. The A band is the entirety of the thick
filament.
What proteins are found on the thick/thin filaments respectively? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Thin: actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
Thick: myosin and titin.
What two protiens bind for contraction to occur? - CORRECT ANSWER - Calcium and
ATP
Differentiate between a cross bridge and a power stroke. - CORRECT ANSWER - Cross
bridges: what allows sliding to occur. They form between actin and myosin and allow the head
of the myosin to bind to actin. Once the release of P1 occurs after binding, the myosin cocks
producing the power stroke.
Power stroke: pulls the thin filament to the center.
What protein at rest blocks the binding/contraction process from occuring? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Tropomyosin
What role does calcium and ATP each play in muscle contraction? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Calcium: causes binding site on actin to be exposed and causes muscle
contraction.
ATP: activate myosin head, binds and releases the actin and myosin.
What is the I band and what happens to it during contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER - It
only contains THIN filaments. It shortens upon contraction (the thin slides over the thick).
What is the A band and what happens to it during contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Entire length of the thick filament. It does NOT change in length during contraction.
Questions and CORRECT Answers
What is long term memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - The ability to recall information
days and years from when the short term memory first occurred. Has an unlimited capacity.
Requires protein synthesis and generation of neural connections
What is implicit memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - Non-declarative retention without
remembering. Example: motor memory (driving)
What is explicit memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - The conscious effort to recall
something that can be verabalized. Abstract(general images/ideas) and Episodic (personally
experienced memories)
What is short term memory? - CORRECT ANSWER - Registers incoming information for
a short period of time. Only temporary.
What is consolidation? What happens physically for consolidation to occur? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Taking short term memories and making them long term. Physically- MRNA
goes to axons/dendrites, then the dendrite spines change shape creating a unique extra cell.
Proteins are deposited in engaged synapses. The presynaptic terminals increase in size and
number, and more neurotransmitters are released.
What specific areas of the brain are involved with formation and recall of memories? -
CORRECT ANSWER - The temporal lobe (amygdala/hippocampus), responsible for
consolidation
The limbic system
The prefrontal cortex
What is the capacity for forming short-term and long-term memories? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Short term: only a temporary capacity, it is lost if not converted to long term.
Long-term: unlimited capacity.
,What hemisphere is language processed in? - CORRECT ANSWER - Left
Differentiate between Broca's and Wernicke's areas for language. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Brocas: responsible for motor aspects of language
Wernickes: responsible for comprehension of speech and sentence formation.
What are the analogs (analogous structures for Broca's/Wernicke's) and what role do they each
play? - CORRECT ANSWER - They are present in the right hemisphere, associated with
artistic and intuitive processes.
Wernickes- ability to recognize emotion in speech
Brocas- ability to put inflection in speech
What are some differences in the general functions of the right and left hemispheres? -
CORRECT ANSWER - The left hemisphere is responsible for language, analysis, and the
ability to speak, write, and calculate.
The right hemisphere is responsible for visuospatial abilities- pattern comprehension, facial
recognition, and music composition.
What is a muscle cell/fiber? - CORRECT ANSWER - An individual cell where
contraction occurs.
What is a myofibril? - CORRECT ANSWER - Contractile fibers that contain proteins
within a muscle cell
What is myofilament? - CORRECT ANSWER - Thick/thin filaments throughout the
length of the myofibril
What is the sarcomere? - CORRECT ANSWER - Arrangement of myofibrils within a cell.
The functional unit of contraction where mechanical events occur in the cell.
, How is the sarcomere organized? (Z disks, titin, thick/thin filaments, arrangement within
sarcomere) - CORRECT ANSWER - Thin filaments are made of actin an connected at z
disks. The thick filaments are made of myosin and anchored by z disks ad titin. The M line is in
the middle. The H zone contains only thick filament, and it decreases with contraction. The I
band is thin filament and it shortens with contraction. The A band is the entirety of the thick
filament.
What proteins are found on the thick/thin filaments respectively? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Thin: actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
Thick: myosin and titin.
What two protiens bind for contraction to occur? - CORRECT ANSWER - Calcium and
ATP
Differentiate between a cross bridge and a power stroke. - CORRECT ANSWER - Cross
bridges: what allows sliding to occur. They form between actin and myosin and allow the head
of the myosin to bind to actin. Once the release of P1 occurs after binding, the myosin cocks
producing the power stroke.
Power stroke: pulls the thin filament to the center.
What protein at rest blocks the binding/contraction process from occuring? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Tropomyosin
What role does calcium and ATP each play in muscle contraction? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Calcium: causes binding site on actin to be exposed and causes muscle
contraction.
ATP: activate myosin head, binds and releases the actin and myosin.
What is the I band and what happens to it during contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER - It
only contains THIN filaments. It shortens upon contraction (the thin slides over the thick).
What is the A band and what happens to it during contraction? - CORRECT ANSWER -
Entire length of the thick filament. It does NOT change in length during contraction.
