lOMoARcPSD|26582732
CARE OF THE CHILD ATI
SUMMARY 2025
chapter 1
Parenting styles:
§ Dictatorial or authoritarian o super strict parents, it’s their way or the highway
o Parents try to control their child’s behaviors through unquestioned rules or
expectations
o Ex. The child is never allowed to watch tv on a school night
§ Permissive o very laid back, allow children to set their rules
o Parents exert very little control over their child’s behaviors; consult the child
when making decisions
o Ex. The child assists in deciding whether or not they can watch tv on a school
night
§ Democratic or authoritative o right in the middle, not too strict but also not too
permissive o parents direct the child’s behaviors by setting rules and explain the
reason behind them
o Parents negatively reinforce deviations from the rules and may do so by taking
privileges away
o Ex. The child can watch tv for 1 hour on school nights as long as their homework
is done
§ Passive parents o do not care what is going on, don’t even consult with the children.
Uninvolved, indifferent or emotionally removed
chapter 2
Physical assessment findings
§ Pediatric vital signs differ from an adult’s, except for blood pressure.
§ Temperature of a one year old is 99.9 degrees
§ Not until 5 years old when they begin to have a normal temperature of 98.6
§ Pulse rate for an infant is 80-180 with respirations of 30-35
§ Infant bp systolic is between 65-80 and their diastolic is between 40 & 50
§ The fontanels* o should be flat and soft o posterior: closes between 6 & 8 weeks o
anterior closes between 12 & 18 months
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§ Infant can have 6-8 teeth by one year of age
There will be 20 deciduous teeth and 32 permeant teeth
§ Reflexes* o moro reflex: present from birth to four months. Allowing the head and
trunk of the infant to fall backwards. The arms and legs symmetrically extend and
abduct, and fingers form a c shape. O rooting: stroking the infant’s cheek or edge of
mouth causes the infant to turn their head to that side and suck. Birth to 4 months.
o Palmar grasp: placing an object in the infant’s palm and the infant grasps the
object. Birth to 3 months.
o Plantar: by touching the sole of the infant’s foot the toes curl downward. Birth
to 8 months.
o Startle: by making a loud noise the infant abducts arms and hands remained
clenched. Birth to 4 months.
o Tonic neck: by turning the infants head to one side the infant will extend the
arm and leg on that side and flex the opposite side. Birth to 3-4 months.
o Babinski: by stroking the outer edge of the sole up toward the toes the infant
will fan its toes upward and out. Birth to 1 year.
o Stepping: by holding the infant upright with its feet touching the surface the
infant will make stepping movements. Birth to 4 weeks.
§ Cranial nerves o 1 is olfactory o 2 is optic o 3 oculomotor
o 4 trochlear: ability of eye to look down and in
o 5 trigeminal: have child close eye and they will detect you touching their face
o 6 abducens: the ability to look laterally with the eyes o 7 facial: symmetry facial
movements o 8 vestibulocochlear/acoustic: checking hearing o 9
glossopharyngeal: checking for intact gag reflex o 10 vagus: checking for
swallowing
o 11 spinal accessory: can move shoulders symmetrically o 12 hypoglossal:
tongue is midline and can move in all directions
Ooh ooh ooh to touch and feel very good velvet such heaven
Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most
chapter 3
Physical development:
Doubles by 6 months; triples by 1 year*
§ 2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months
§ Length increases by 50% by 12 months of age first teeth erupt between 6-10 months
Age Gross moto Fine
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r motor
1 month Demonstrates head lag Strong grasp
2 months Lifts head up when prone Holds hands in an open
position, grasp reflex fading
3 months Raises head and shoulders No longer has a grasp reflex,
when prone, slight head lag keeps hands open loosely.
4 months Rolls from back to side Grasps with both hands
5 months Rolls from front to back Uses palmar grasp
6 months Rolls from back to front Holds bottle
7 months Bears full weight on feet. Sits Moves objects from hand to
leaning forward on both hand
hands
8 months Sits unsupported Begins using pincer grip
9 months Pulls to standing position. Has crude pincer grip.
Creeps on hands and knees Dominant hand preference
evident
10 months Changes from prone to sitting Grasps rattle by its hand
position
11 months Cruises or walks while holding Places objects into a
on to something. container. Neat pincer grasp.
Walks with one hand held.
12 months Sits down from a standing Tries to build a two-block
position without assistance tower w/o success. Can turn
pages in a book.
Cognitive development: piaget
§ From birth to 24 months they are in the sensorimotor stage object permanence occurs
around 9 months of age.
Language development:
§ Should be able to say 3-5 words by age 1 and they know the concept of no.
Erickson:
§ From birth to 1 year is trust vs. Mistrust.
§ Is the caretaker meeting the needs of the infant?
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§ Separations anxiety occurs around 4-8 months of age stranger fear occurs around 6-8
months of age
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CARE OF THE CHILD ATI
SUMMARY 2025
chapter 1
Parenting styles:
§ Dictatorial or authoritarian o super strict parents, it’s their way or the highway
o Parents try to control their child’s behaviors through unquestioned rules or
expectations
o Ex. The child is never allowed to watch tv on a school night
§ Permissive o very laid back, allow children to set their rules
o Parents exert very little control over their child’s behaviors; consult the child
when making decisions
o Ex. The child assists in deciding whether or not they can watch tv on a school
night
§ Democratic or authoritative o right in the middle, not too strict but also not too
permissive o parents direct the child’s behaviors by setting rules and explain the
reason behind them
o Parents negatively reinforce deviations from the rules and may do so by taking
privileges away
o Ex. The child can watch tv for 1 hour on school nights as long as their homework
is done
§ Passive parents o do not care what is going on, don’t even consult with the children.
Uninvolved, indifferent or emotionally removed
chapter 2
Physical assessment findings
§ Pediatric vital signs differ from an adult’s, except for blood pressure.
§ Temperature of a one year old is 99.9 degrees
§ Not until 5 years old when they begin to have a normal temperature of 98.6
§ Pulse rate for an infant is 80-180 with respirations of 30-35
§ Infant bp systolic is between 65-80 and their diastolic is between 40 & 50
§ The fontanels* o should be flat and soft o posterior: closes between 6 & 8 weeks o
anterior closes between 12 & 18 months
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
§ Infant can have 6-8 teeth by one year of age
There will be 20 deciduous teeth and 32 permeant teeth
§ Reflexes* o moro reflex: present from birth to four months. Allowing the head and
trunk of the infant to fall backwards. The arms and legs symmetrically extend and
abduct, and fingers form a c shape. O rooting: stroking the infant’s cheek or edge of
mouth causes the infant to turn their head to that side and suck. Birth to 4 months.
o Palmar grasp: placing an object in the infant’s palm and the infant grasps the
object. Birth to 3 months.
o Plantar: by touching the sole of the infant’s foot the toes curl downward. Birth
to 8 months.
o Startle: by making a loud noise the infant abducts arms and hands remained
clenched. Birth to 4 months.
o Tonic neck: by turning the infants head to one side the infant will extend the
arm and leg on that side and flex the opposite side. Birth to 3-4 months.
o Babinski: by stroking the outer edge of the sole up toward the toes the infant
will fan its toes upward and out. Birth to 1 year.
o Stepping: by holding the infant upright with its feet touching the surface the
infant will make stepping movements. Birth to 4 weeks.
§ Cranial nerves o 1 is olfactory o 2 is optic o 3 oculomotor
o 4 trochlear: ability of eye to look down and in
o 5 trigeminal: have child close eye and they will detect you touching their face
o 6 abducens: the ability to look laterally with the eyes o 7 facial: symmetry facial
movements o 8 vestibulocochlear/acoustic: checking hearing o 9
glossopharyngeal: checking for intact gag reflex o 10 vagus: checking for
swallowing
o 11 spinal accessory: can move shoulders symmetrically o 12 hypoglossal:
tongue is midline and can move in all directions
Ooh ooh ooh to touch and feel very good velvet such heaven
Some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most
chapter 3
Physical development:
Doubles by 6 months; triples by 1 year*
§ 2.5 cm (1 in) per month for the first 6 months
§ Length increases by 50% by 12 months of age first teeth erupt between 6-10 months
Age Gross moto Fine
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
r motor
1 month Demonstrates head lag Strong grasp
2 months Lifts head up when prone Holds hands in an open
position, grasp reflex fading
3 months Raises head and shoulders No longer has a grasp reflex,
when prone, slight head lag keeps hands open loosely.
4 months Rolls from back to side Grasps with both hands
5 months Rolls from front to back Uses palmar grasp
6 months Rolls from back to front Holds bottle
7 months Bears full weight on feet. Sits Moves objects from hand to
leaning forward on both hand
hands
8 months Sits unsupported Begins using pincer grip
9 months Pulls to standing position. Has crude pincer grip.
Creeps on hands and knees Dominant hand preference
evident
10 months Changes from prone to sitting Grasps rattle by its hand
position
11 months Cruises or walks while holding Places objects into a
on to something. container. Neat pincer grasp.
Walks with one hand held.
12 months Sits down from a standing Tries to build a two-block
position without assistance tower w/o success. Can turn
pages in a book.
Cognitive development: piaget
§ From birth to 24 months they are in the sensorimotor stage object permanence occurs
around 9 months of age.
Language development:
§ Should be able to say 3-5 words by age 1 and they know the concept of no.
Erickson:
§ From birth to 1 year is trust vs. Mistrust.
§ Is the caretaker meeting the needs of the infant?
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
, lOMoARcPSD|26582732
§ Separations anxiety occurs around 4-8 months of age stranger fear occurs around 6-8
months of age
Downloaded by NELSON KIIRU ()
