NR 314 Midterm Exam Questions with
correct Answers 2025/2026 A+ Graded
Products - ANS-Satisfying basis of material welfare
Fulfilling daily needs
Can purchase, use, dispose
Goods or service
Sustainability - ANS-quantity and quality
Impact v, Functionality ^
I = PAT - ANS-Impact = Population x Affluence Consumption x Technology
industrial ecology - ANS-no official definition
optimizing production while minimizing environmental impacts
understanding energy and material flows in industries
industrial society is an ecosystem
De-pollution approach - ANS-"end of pipe", insufficient
Life Cycle Thinking - ANS-holistic view over a product system
essential for thinking differently as an environmentalist
Contribution
Consequence
Impacts - ANS-Always question
Provider (mass, energy)
Sink (wastes, pollutants) - ANS-Services provided by Earth
carrying capacity - ANS-rates at which provision and sink can be supplied are limited
meeting needs of present without compromising ability to meet future needs
LCA - ANS-a method/technique to assess the environmental impacts of a product, process, or
service
provides a healthy degree of skepticism of env. arguments and claims
ISO - ANS-1990's - methodology of LCA was still relatively immature while this standardization
took place
, focuses on framework
states fundamental principles of LCA
left methodological choices open (ambiguities)
ILCD (Int. Life Cycle Data System) - ANS-Mid 2000's - ISO-based, integrates data and
methodology
aim to improve consistency
improve compatibility of results published by different practitioners
publish PEF and OEF in 2012
ISO Standard - ANS-1947 - "facilitate int. coordination and unification of industrial standards"
isos = equal
non- gov federation of nat. standards bodies from around 150 countries
- member bodies, correspondent members, subscriber members
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - ANS-US member body of ISO
ISO 90001 - ANS-Quality Management System
ISO 14001 - ANS-Environmental Management System. "A framework that a company or
organization can follow to set up an effective environmental management system."
ISO 14040 - ANS-principles and framework/intro of entire 14040 series
3 components - ANS-compilation of inventory of inputs/ outputs
eval of inventory regarding their environmental impacts
interpreting the results
Use of LCA in identifying - ANS-opportunity to improve env. aspects of products
strategic planning, priority setting, products or process design
env, claim, eco-labelling scheme or env. declaration
risk assessment
env. impact assessment - ANS-other forms of env. management techniques
LCA limitations - ANS--subjective choices to be made
-limitations due to data availability and quality
-spatially and temporally generic
LCA Principles - ANS-1. life cycle perspective
2. env. focus
3. relative approach and functional unity
4. iterative approach
5. transparency
correct Answers 2025/2026 A+ Graded
Products - ANS-Satisfying basis of material welfare
Fulfilling daily needs
Can purchase, use, dispose
Goods or service
Sustainability - ANS-quantity and quality
Impact v, Functionality ^
I = PAT - ANS-Impact = Population x Affluence Consumption x Technology
industrial ecology - ANS-no official definition
optimizing production while minimizing environmental impacts
understanding energy and material flows in industries
industrial society is an ecosystem
De-pollution approach - ANS-"end of pipe", insufficient
Life Cycle Thinking - ANS-holistic view over a product system
essential for thinking differently as an environmentalist
Contribution
Consequence
Impacts - ANS-Always question
Provider (mass, energy)
Sink (wastes, pollutants) - ANS-Services provided by Earth
carrying capacity - ANS-rates at which provision and sink can be supplied are limited
meeting needs of present without compromising ability to meet future needs
LCA - ANS-a method/technique to assess the environmental impacts of a product, process, or
service
provides a healthy degree of skepticism of env. arguments and claims
ISO - ANS-1990's - methodology of LCA was still relatively immature while this standardization
took place
, focuses on framework
states fundamental principles of LCA
left methodological choices open (ambiguities)
ILCD (Int. Life Cycle Data System) - ANS-Mid 2000's - ISO-based, integrates data and
methodology
aim to improve consistency
improve compatibility of results published by different practitioners
publish PEF and OEF in 2012
ISO Standard - ANS-1947 - "facilitate int. coordination and unification of industrial standards"
isos = equal
non- gov federation of nat. standards bodies from around 150 countries
- member bodies, correspondent members, subscriber members
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - ANS-US member body of ISO
ISO 90001 - ANS-Quality Management System
ISO 14001 - ANS-Environmental Management System. "A framework that a company or
organization can follow to set up an effective environmental management system."
ISO 14040 - ANS-principles and framework/intro of entire 14040 series
3 components - ANS-compilation of inventory of inputs/ outputs
eval of inventory regarding their environmental impacts
interpreting the results
Use of LCA in identifying - ANS-opportunity to improve env. aspects of products
strategic planning, priority setting, products or process design
env, claim, eco-labelling scheme or env. declaration
risk assessment
env. impact assessment - ANS-other forms of env. management techniques
LCA limitations - ANS--subjective choices to be made
-limitations due to data availability and quality
-spatially and temporally generic
LCA Principles - ANS-1. life cycle perspective
2. env. focus
3. relative approach and functional unity
4. iterative approach
5. transparency
