NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ALL MODULE 7 EXAM (GRADED A+)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS- PORTAGE LEARNING
Review the structure and function of the GI tract - (answer)
GI tract organs - (answer)mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
accessory organs - (answer)teeth
tongue
gallbladder
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
organs used for mechanical processing of food - (answer)oral cavity
teeth
tongue
salivary glands - (answer)-contain amylase enzyme to break down carbs
-bolus formation
pharynx - (answer)muscular propulsion of food into esophagus
esophagus - (answer)passageway that uses peristalsis to move food toward the
stomach
stomach - (answer)-chemical digestion via acid and pepsin (digest proteins into amino
acids)
-mechanical digestion via muscular contractions
-3 layers of smooth muscle
What role(s) does the liver serve? - (answer)estimated to have over 200 functions
-produces bile
-stores vitamins and minerals and converts them to be useable by the body
-metabolizes hormones and drugs
-synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factors
-changes ammonia to urea
-converts fatty acids to ketones
-can store large amounts of glucose as glycogen
,-can synthesize glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid during times of
fasting or increased demand
-can convert excess carbohydrates to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue
-is a major site for protein synthesis and degradation.
liver - (answer)-bile synthesis
-store and release nutrients (glycogen and lipids)
-maintains concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in blood
-cholesterol synthesis
-inter-conversion of nutrient types when needed
gallbladder - (answer)-stores bile
-when a fatty meal is consumed, the gallbladder is signaled via hormones to contract
-when it contracts it empties bile into small intestine to aid in fat digestion
pancreas - (answer)exocrine functions:
-produces pancreatic juice with enzymes and alkaline buffer (neutralizes stomach acid
to not harm small intestine) to aid in digestion in small intestine (protease to break down
proteins, lipase for fats, amylase for starch)
endocrine functions:
-secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) to regulate blood glucose levels
-insulin drops blood glucose
-glucagon raises blood glucose during fasting
small intestine - (answer)-chemical digestion into macronutrients
-absorption of nutrients, vitamins, water, ions
-needs large surface area to absorb all nutrients
large intestine - (answer)-mainly absorption of water
-microbiome helps produce some vitamins to be absorbed (vitamin K)
-elimination of indigestible food
-feces is eliminated via peristalsis
4 layers of the GI wall - (answer)mucosal layer
submucosal layer
muscularis externa
serosal layer
mucosal layer - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
-Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the inner surface of the alimentary canal
-Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that break down food
-Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion
-Maintains a barrier to prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic
organisms
submucosal layer - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
, -blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete digestive enzymes
muscularis externa - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
-inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an outer layer of
longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers
-These layers help move the contents through the GI tract
serosal layer - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
-serous membrane
-outermost layer of organs, called the visceral peritoneum
mesentery - (answer)-double layer of peritoneum that encloses a portion or all of one of
the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal wall
-has blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall
-holds the organs in place and stores fat
omentum - (answer)-double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that hangs down
from the stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity
-greater omentum and lesser omentum
greater omentum - (answer)-contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the
movements of the intestines
-connects to the stomach and covers the transverse colon and the folds of the intestine
-can form adhesions (fibrous scar tissue) adjacent to inflamed organs, such as the
appendix
-cushions the abdominal organs against injury and provides insulation against the loss
of body heat
lesser omentum - (answer)-lesser omentum extends between the liver and lesser
curvature of the stomach
rhythmic movements - (answer)-intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food
along
-found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine.
tonic movements - (answer)-have a constant level of contraction or tone without regular
periods of relaxation
-located in the lower esophagus, the upper region of the stomach, the ileocecal valve,
and the internal anal sphincter.
enteric nervous system - (answer)-made up by myenteric and submucosal plexuses
located in the wall of the GI tract
-These two plexuses are networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies
-Interneurons connect afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory
cells to form reflex circuits.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS- PORTAGE LEARNING
Review the structure and function of the GI tract - (answer)
GI tract organs - (answer)mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
accessory organs - (answer)teeth
tongue
gallbladder
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
organs used for mechanical processing of food - (answer)oral cavity
teeth
tongue
salivary glands - (answer)-contain amylase enzyme to break down carbs
-bolus formation
pharynx - (answer)muscular propulsion of food into esophagus
esophagus - (answer)passageway that uses peristalsis to move food toward the
stomach
stomach - (answer)-chemical digestion via acid and pepsin (digest proteins into amino
acids)
-mechanical digestion via muscular contractions
-3 layers of smooth muscle
What role(s) does the liver serve? - (answer)estimated to have over 200 functions
-produces bile
-stores vitamins and minerals and converts them to be useable by the body
-metabolizes hormones and drugs
-synthesizes proteins, glucose, and clotting factors
-changes ammonia to urea
-converts fatty acids to ketones
-can store large amounts of glucose as glycogen
,-can synthesize glucose from amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid during times of
fasting or increased demand
-can convert excess carbohydrates to triglycerides for storage in adipose tissue
-is a major site for protein synthesis and degradation.
liver - (answer)-bile synthesis
-store and release nutrients (glycogen and lipids)
-maintains concentrations of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in blood
-cholesterol synthesis
-inter-conversion of nutrient types when needed
gallbladder - (answer)-stores bile
-when a fatty meal is consumed, the gallbladder is signaled via hormones to contract
-when it contracts it empties bile into small intestine to aid in fat digestion
pancreas - (answer)exocrine functions:
-produces pancreatic juice with enzymes and alkaline buffer (neutralizes stomach acid
to not harm small intestine) to aid in digestion in small intestine (protease to break down
proteins, lipase for fats, amylase for starch)
endocrine functions:
-secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) to regulate blood glucose levels
-insulin drops blood glucose
-glucagon raises blood glucose during fasting
small intestine - (answer)-chemical digestion into macronutrients
-absorption of nutrients, vitamins, water, ions
-needs large surface area to absorb all nutrients
large intestine - (answer)-mainly absorption of water
-microbiome helps produce some vitamins to be absorbed (vitamin K)
-elimination of indigestible food
-feces is eliminated via peristalsis
4 layers of the GI wall - (answer)mucosal layer
submucosal layer
muscularis externa
serosal layer
mucosal layer - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
-Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the inner surface of the alimentary canal
-Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that break down food
-Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion
-Maintains a barrier to prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic
organisms
submucosal layer - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
, -blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete digestive enzymes
muscularis externa - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
-inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an outer layer of
longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers
-These layers help move the contents through the GI tract
serosal layer - (answer)-1 of 4 layers of the GI wall
-serous membrane
-outermost layer of organs, called the visceral peritoneum
mesentery - (answer)-double layer of peritoneum that encloses a portion or all of one of
the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal wall
-has blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall
-holds the organs in place and stores fat
omentum - (answer)-double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that hangs down
from the stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity
-greater omentum and lesser omentum
greater omentum - (answer)-contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the
movements of the intestines
-connects to the stomach and covers the transverse colon and the folds of the intestine
-can form adhesions (fibrous scar tissue) adjacent to inflamed organs, such as the
appendix
-cushions the abdominal organs against injury and provides insulation against the loss
of body heat
lesser omentum - (answer)-lesser omentum extends between the liver and lesser
curvature of the stomach
rhythmic movements - (answer)-intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food
along
-found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine.
tonic movements - (answer)-have a constant level of contraction or tone without regular
periods of relaxation
-located in the lower esophagus, the upper region of the stomach, the ileocecal valve,
and the internal anal sphincter.
enteric nervous system - (answer)-made up by myenteric and submucosal plexuses
located in the wall of the GI tract
-These two plexuses are networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies
-Interneurons connect afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory
cells to form reflex circuits.
