BIO351 EXAM 1 - BIOLOGY 351,
2025/2026 WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
What is a microorganism?
-A unicellular life form
-Function independently from other cells
-Execute all functions essential for life; energy production,
growth, macromolecule assembly
What are simple Viruses?
-Not actually any kind of cell
-Capsid(protein)
-Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
What are complex Viruses?
-Additional structures
-Envelope (lipid)
-Capsid(protein)
-Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
-Function by "hijacking" cellular machinery
What are positive uses for microbes?
-Agriculture (fungal supplements to potting soil)
-Food industry (bread, beer, wine)
-Biomedical sector (insulin production, vaccines)
-Meat industry (cellulose digestion)
-Fuel sources (methane producers)
Who is Robert Hooke?
,-First person to develop a compound microscope
-visualized fungal hyphae/spores
Who is Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek?
-Developed simple microscope
-first to visualize bacteria
Who is Francesco Redi?
-Experiment with spoiled meat, container without a lid would
accumulate maggots
-Trying to disprove spontaneous generation
Who is John Needham?
-Created the broth experiment, after a few days the broth was full
of microorganisms
-argued for spontaneous generation
Who is Lazzaro Spallanzani?
-Modified the broth experiment, used lids on the broth. Only the
uncovered broth contained microorganisms
-argued against spontaneous generation
Who is Louis Pasteur?
-Discovered the source of fermentation and pasteurization.
-Found heating perishables prevented spoiling
Who is Edward Jenner?
-Created the first successful vaccine
-cowpox/smallpox
Who is Martinus Beijerinck?
-Developed enrichment cultivation (petri dish)
-First to identify viruses
,Who is Sergei Winogradsky?
-Discovered chemoautotrophy
-Discovered nitrogen fixation
Who is Robert Koch?
-Argued for the germ theory of disease
- Koch's Postulates
* Isolate anthrax from dead animal
* Grow anthrax culture in vitro
* Infect the healthy animal to determine if disease is reproduced
* Isolate anthrax from the infected animal and determine if its
from the same microorganism
Who is Alexander Fleming?
-Discovered antibiotics
-Penicillin
What is epidemiology?
The study of how and why outbreaks of disease occur
-involves identification of causative agent (pathogen) and
transmission
What is a higher eukaryote?
-A plant or animal
-Individual cells incapable of executing essential life functions
-Must be part of organ and or/tissue to fulfill role
What are the fundamentals of Microbial life?
-Single cell is capable of undergoing all processes
-Metabolism
-Reproduction
-Communication
, -Motility for some
-Differentiation for some
What is bacteria?
-Unicellular organisms
-Prokaryotic, no compartmentalization
-Peptidogylcan cell wall
-Reproduce by binary fission
What are Protozoa?
-Eukaryotic
-Unicellular organism
-No cell wall, plasma membrane
-Motile (Pseudopods, Flagella, Cilia)
What are Fungi?
-Single or multicellular organisms
-Eukaryotic, extensive subcellular compartmentalization
-Chitin cell wall
-Reproduction by binary fission or sexually
-Obtain nutrients from surrounding
Algae
-Eukaryotes, photosynthetic
-unicellular or multicellular
-Exist in clines
-Create oxygen and are consumed by animals
Who is John Snow?
-First epidemiologist
-studied cholera outbreak in London
-Discovered it was from the water source and removed the water
pump
2025/2026 WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
What is a microorganism?
-A unicellular life form
-Function independently from other cells
-Execute all functions essential for life; energy production,
growth, macromolecule assembly
What are simple Viruses?
-Not actually any kind of cell
-Capsid(protein)
-Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
What are complex Viruses?
-Additional structures
-Envelope (lipid)
-Capsid(protein)
-Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
-Function by "hijacking" cellular machinery
What are positive uses for microbes?
-Agriculture (fungal supplements to potting soil)
-Food industry (bread, beer, wine)
-Biomedical sector (insulin production, vaccines)
-Meat industry (cellulose digestion)
-Fuel sources (methane producers)
Who is Robert Hooke?
,-First person to develop a compound microscope
-visualized fungal hyphae/spores
Who is Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek?
-Developed simple microscope
-first to visualize bacteria
Who is Francesco Redi?
-Experiment with spoiled meat, container without a lid would
accumulate maggots
-Trying to disprove spontaneous generation
Who is John Needham?
-Created the broth experiment, after a few days the broth was full
of microorganisms
-argued for spontaneous generation
Who is Lazzaro Spallanzani?
-Modified the broth experiment, used lids on the broth. Only the
uncovered broth contained microorganisms
-argued against spontaneous generation
Who is Louis Pasteur?
-Discovered the source of fermentation and pasteurization.
-Found heating perishables prevented spoiling
Who is Edward Jenner?
-Created the first successful vaccine
-cowpox/smallpox
Who is Martinus Beijerinck?
-Developed enrichment cultivation (petri dish)
-First to identify viruses
,Who is Sergei Winogradsky?
-Discovered chemoautotrophy
-Discovered nitrogen fixation
Who is Robert Koch?
-Argued for the germ theory of disease
- Koch's Postulates
* Isolate anthrax from dead animal
* Grow anthrax culture in vitro
* Infect the healthy animal to determine if disease is reproduced
* Isolate anthrax from the infected animal and determine if its
from the same microorganism
Who is Alexander Fleming?
-Discovered antibiotics
-Penicillin
What is epidemiology?
The study of how and why outbreaks of disease occur
-involves identification of causative agent (pathogen) and
transmission
What is a higher eukaryote?
-A plant or animal
-Individual cells incapable of executing essential life functions
-Must be part of organ and or/tissue to fulfill role
What are the fundamentals of Microbial life?
-Single cell is capable of undergoing all processes
-Metabolism
-Reproduction
-Communication
, -Motility for some
-Differentiation for some
What is bacteria?
-Unicellular organisms
-Prokaryotic, no compartmentalization
-Peptidogylcan cell wall
-Reproduce by binary fission
What are Protozoa?
-Eukaryotic
-Unicellular organism
-No cell wall, plasma membrane
-Motile (Pseudopods, Flagella, Cilia)
What are Fungi?
-Single or multicellular organisms
-Eukaryotic, extensive subcellular compartmentalization
-Chitin cell wall
-Reproduction by binary fission or sexually
-Obtain nutrients from surrounding
Algae
-Eukaryotes, photosynthetic
-unicellular or multicellular
-Exist in clines
-Create oxygen and are consumed by animals
Who is John Snow?
-First epidemiologist
-studied cholera outbreak in London
-Discovered it was from the water source and removed the water
pump
