NR 325 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH 100%
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Endocrine System Function
Produce hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin
Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or
storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones
Oppose the effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated release
of glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon
Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose
levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our
pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus
A chronic, multi-system disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin
utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with
good management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans have
a higher incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications
Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower
limb amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes
,Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function, decreased insulin
sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more
common in older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging resembling that
of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology
Formerly known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10% of all people with
diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin production are destroyed. A
genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that may contribute to the development
of DM I. Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur after the pancreas
is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes
Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs
IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab
, It is a test that determines how well your glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in the last 3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology
Probably has a genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease progresses, less insulin
production. There is also an increased risk for obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an increased waist
circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.
Diabetes Type II Risk Factors
Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
Diabetes Type II Clinical Manifestations
Nonspecific symptoms, may have classic symptoms of type I
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or monilia infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
The onset of symptoms is gradual.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Fasting Plasma Glucose Level
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Endocrine System Function
Produce hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream
Insulin
Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or
storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
Counterregulatory Hormones
Oppose the effects of insulin, and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated release
of glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
Glucagon
Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose
levels. In diabetes II, glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our
pancreas doesn't respond normally.
Diabetes Mellitus
A chronic, multi-system disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin
utilization, or both. There is no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with
good management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native Americans have
a higher incidence of diabetes.
Diabetes Complications
Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower
limb amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes
,Diabetes prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function, decreased insulin
sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and untreated diabetes is more
common in older adults, partly due to the normal physiologic changes of aging resembling that
of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
Diabetes Type I Epidemiology
Formerly known as "juvenile onset" or "insulin dependent" diabetes.
Most often occurs in people under 40 years old, and accounts for 5-10% of all people with
diabetes.
Has a sudden onset.
It is an autoimmune disease, in which B-cells responsible for insulin production are destroyed. A
genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus are factors that may contribute to the development
of DM I. Autoantibody are produced and destroy B-cells. Manifestations occur after the pancreas
is unable to produced insulin, and symptoms are rapid. Usually patients present to ER with DKA.
Diabetes Type I Classic Symptoms
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Prediabetes
Known as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG).
Prediabetes Labs
IFG: fasting glucose levels 100-126 mg/dl
IGT: 2 hour plasma glucose 140-199 mg/dl
A1C: in the range of 5.7-6.4%
A1C Lab
, It is a test that determines how well your glucose was stabilized within the last three months.
If you have a high A1C, that means you have had high glucose levels in the last 3 months
Diabetes Type II Etiology
Probably has a genetic basis.
A genetic mutation leading to insulin resistance, and as the disease progresses, less insulin
production. There is also an increased risk for obesity.
Obesity is the most powerful risk factor, especially obesity with an increased waist
circumference.
Type II DM is now being seen in children due to epidemic of childhood obesity.
Type II accounts for 90% of diabetics.
Pancreas continues to produce insulin, but the body can't use the insulin.
Diabetes Type II Risk Factors
Obesity
Aging
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of Type II DM
Urbanization
Certain ethnicities (AA, NA, Latino)
Diabetes Type II Clinical Manifestations
Nonspecific symptoms, may have classic symptoms of type I
Fatigue
Recurrent infections
Recurrent vaginal yeast or monilia infections
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
The onset of symptoms is gradual.
Diagnosing Diabetes: Fasting Plasma Glucose Level
