Pathophysiology II – Comprehensive Final Exam Review with Practice
Questions and Correct answers for Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Renal,
Neurological, and Immune Disorders
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY I -Mechanisms of disease -Introductory Concepts -Cell
structures & Function -Alterations in Fluid & Electrolytes -Alterations in Acid Base
Balance -Cellular & Tissue response to injury -Genetics & congenital Disorders -
Neoplasia -The stress response -The inflammatory response -The Immune
response PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II -Pituitary & Thyroid disorders -Adrenal disorders -
Diabetes Mellitus -Alzheimer's & Parkinsons -Neurodegenerative diseases -
Hematological system
I'm GUESSI4N - correct answer Genetic - Congenital
U R born with it..."
Environmental - Alterations in Nutrition, Fluids and Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance
Signals - Alterations in communication
Stress - Response to threats and injury
I4 - Injury & Infection - Inflammatory and Immune Responses
Neoplasia
Which phase of cellular metabolism requires O2? - correct answer Oxidative phosphorylation
(third phase)
Glycolysis is an ________ process - correct answer anaerobic (does not require oxygen)
What are the end products of cellular anaerobic metabolism? - correct answer -2ATP
-hydrogen and pyruvate which is then converted into lactic acid
What are the end products of cellular aerobic metabolism? - correct answer -Oxygen
-CO2
-Heat
-32-36 ATP
What mechanisms regulate water in the body? - correct answer thirst, ADH, aldosterone
,How water moves between fluid compartments? - correct answer Osmosis - water follows
solutes
Hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Diffusion
Selective permeability
facilitated diffusion
active transport
Forces that keep fluids in blood vessels and cells - correct answer Albumin, and this is called
colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure. 80% of our oncotic pressure is related to the
serum albumin levels. Anytime there is hypoalbuminemia then we will have a leaking of a
transudate (protein of less than 3 g/dL) leaking into intestinal space via capillaries and venules
(pitting edema).
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: what does it do? - correct answer High osmolarity (high
Na+ in blood) causes:
thirst --> increased H2O intake.
ADH release --> water reabsorbed from urine
Low osmolarity (low Na+ in blood)
causes:
Lack of thirst --> decreased water intake
Decrease ADH release --> water lost in urine.
Risks of edema - correct answer -Tissue damage
-Increased distance for diffusion
-Compression of vasculature
-Local effects
-Joints
-Vital organs
-Severity
-Assessment
, 3rd spacing - correct answer fluid is trapped in cavities, ascites, burn edema
Isotonic fluid loss - correct answer -isotonic dehydration
-causes contraction of the ECF volume with weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous
membranes, decreased urine output, and symptoms of hypovolemia--rapid heart rate,
flattened neck veins, and normal or decreased blood pressure
Hypertonic fluid loss - correct answer -blood becomes concentrated
-more water is lost than solute=fluid deficit and solute excess
-caused by: inadequate fluid intake, severe or prolonged isotonic fluid losses, watery diarrhea,
diabetes insipidus (insufficient ADA production, losing pure h2o), increased solute intake, fluid
loss is both extracellular and intracellular
-treatment: for hypovolemia/impending shock: isotonic- otherwise slow hypotonic infusion
(give non concentrated fluid) encourage drinking water
Hypotonic fluid loss - correct answer Loss of fluids causing decrease [Na+] in the plasma due to
dilution by drinking causing Na+ to move out
What are the major cations of the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid? - correct answer *
Hyponatremia S/S and Risk factors - correct answer Na+ < 135 mEq/L
-Not enough sodium in the blood resulting in too much ECF water.
-Fluid shifts out of extracellular spaces and into cells.
-Results in swelling of cells.
S/S:
-Seizures
-Personality changes
-Nausea/vomiting
-tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
-convulsion
normal Na+ (135-145)
Hypernatremia S/S and Risk factors - correct answer Na+ > 145 mEq/L
Usually due to low water intake.
Increased ECF sodium levels shrinking of cells-- cellular dehydration.
Questions and Correct answers for Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Renal,
Neurological, and Immune Disorders
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY I -Mechanisms of disease -Introductory Concepts -Cell
structures & Function -Alterations in Fluid & Electrolytes -Alterations in Acid Base
Balance -Cellular & Tissue response to injury -Genetics & congenital Disorders -
Neoplasia -The stress response -The inflammatory response -The Immune
response PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II -Pituitary & Thyroid disorders -Adrenal disorders -
Diabetes Mellitus -Alzheimer's & Parkinsons -Neurodegenerative diseases -
Hematological system
I'm GUESSI4N - correct answer Genetic - Congenital
U R born with it..."
Environmental - Alterations in Nutrition, Fluids and Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance
Signals - Alterations in communication
Stress - Response to threats and injury
I4 - Injury & Infection - Inflammatory and Immune Responses
Neoplasia
Which phase of cellular metabolism requires O2? - correct answer Oxidative phosphorylation
(third phase)
Glycolysis is an ________ process - correct answer anaerobic (does not require oxygen)
What are the end products of cellular anaerobic metabolism? - correct answer -2ATP
-hydrogen and pyruvate which is then converted into lactic acid
What are the end products of cellular aerobic metabolism? - correct answer -Oxygen
-CO2
-Heat
-32-36 ATP
What mechanisms regulate water in the body? - correct answer thirst, ADH, aldosterone
,How water moves between fluid compartments? - correct answer Osmosis - water follows
solutes
Hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Diffusion
Selective permeability
facilitated diffusion
active transport
Forces that keep fluids in blood vessels and cells - correct answer Albumin, and this is called
colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure. 80% of our oncotic pressure is related to the
serum albumin levels. Anytime there is hypoalbuminemia then we will have a leaking of a
transudate (protein of less than 3 g/dL) leaking into intestinal space via capillaries and venules
(pitting edema).
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: what does it do? - correct answer High osmolarity (high
Na+ in blood) causes:
thirst --> increased H2O intake.
ADH release --> water reabsorbed from urine
Low osmolarity (low Na+ in blood)
causes:
Lack of thirst --> decreased water intake
Decrease ADH release --> water lost in urine.
Risks of edema - correct answer -Tissue damage
-Increased distance for diffusion
-Compression of vasculature
-Local effects
-Joints
-Vital organs
-Severity
-Assessment
, 3rd spacing - correct answer fluid is trapped in cavities, ascites, burn edema
Isotonic fluid loss - correct answer -isotonic dehydration
-causes contraction of the ECF volume with weight loss, dryness of skin and mucous
membranes, decreased urine output, and symptoms of hypovolemia--rapid heart rate,
flattened neck veins, and normal or decreased blood pressure
Hypertonic fluid loss - correct answer -blood becomes concentrated
-more water is lost than solute=fluid deficit and solute excess
-caused by: inadequate fluid intake, severe or prolonged isotonic fluid losses, watery diarrhea,
diabetes insipidus (insufficient ADA production, losing pure h2o), increased solute intake, fluid
loss is both extracellular and intracellular
-treatment: for hypovolemia/impending shock: isotonic- otherwise slow hypotonic infusion
(give non concentrated fluid) encourage drinking water
Hypotonic fluid loss - correct answer Loss of fluids causing decrease [Na+] in the plasma due to
dilution by drinking causing Na+ to move out
What are the major cations of the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid? - correct answer *
Hyponatremia S/S and Risk factors - correct answer Na+ < 135 mEq/L
-Not enough sodium in the blood resulting in too much ECF water.
-Fluid shifts out of extracellular spaces and into cells.
-Results in swelling of cells.
S/S:
-Seizures
-Personality changes
-Nausea/vomiting
-tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
-convulsion
normal Na+ (135-145)
Hypernatremia S/S and Risk factors - correct answer Na+ > 145 mEq/L
Usually due to low water intake.
Increased ECF sodium levels shrinking of cells-- cellular dehydration.
