NU 372 - Exam # 2 – Medications Questions
With Complete Solutions
Acetaminophen - Education Correct Answers Tell
parents to consult prescriber before giving drug to
children younger than age 2. Advise parents that
drug is only for short-term use; urge them to
consult prescriber if giving to infants for longer
than 3 days, children for longer than 5 days, or
adults for longer than 10 days. Black Box Warning:
Advise patient or caregiver that many OTC
products contain acetaminophen and should be
counted when calculating total daily dose. Tell
patient to consult prescriber for fever lasting longer
than 3 days or recurrent fever. Alert: Warn patient
that high doses or unsupervised long-term use can
cause liver damage. Excessive alcohol use may
increase the risk of liver damage. Caution long-
term alcoholics to limit drug to 2 g/day or less.
Caution patient to contact health care provider if
signs and symptoms of liver damage (illogical
thinking, severe dyspepsia, jaundice, inability to
eat, weakness) occur. Alert: Warn patient to stop
drug and seek medical attention immediately if
rash or other reactions occurs while using
acetaminophen. Tell breastfeeding patient that
drug appears in human milk in low levels. Drug
may be used safely if therapy is short-term and
doesn't exceed recommended doses.
,Acetaminophen - Indication, MOA Correct Answers
Acetaminophen is indicated for the treatment of
pain and fever associated with a variety of
conditions, including influenza; for the prophylaxis
of children receiving diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus
immunizations (aspirin may mask Reye syndrome
in children); and for the relief of musculoskeletal
pain associated with arthritis. Acetaminophen acts
directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the
hypothalamus to cause sweating and vasodilation;
this in turn causes the release of heat and lowers
fever. The mechanism of action related to the
analgesic effects of acetaminophen has not been
identified.
Acetaminophen - Nursing considerations Correct
Answers Acetaminophen causes vasodilation and
heat release, lowering fever and working to relieve
pain but does not have anti-inflammatory effects.
Use cautiously in pregnant and breastfeeding
women. Embryo-fetal risk is very low. Many OTC
and prescription products contain acetaminophen;
be aware of this when calculating total daily dose.
Consider reducing total daily dose and increasing
dosing intervals in patients with hepatic or renal
impairment.
Acetaminophen - Side effects Correct Answers
Rash, fever, chest pain, liver toxicity and failure,
bone marrow suppression. Adverse effects
,associated with acetaminophen use include
headache, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction,
skin rash, and fever. Hepatotoxicity is a potentially
fatal adverse effect that is usually associated with
chronic use and overdose and is related to direct
toxic effects on the liver. The dose that could prove
toxic varies with the age of the patient, other drugs
that the patient might be taking, and the
underlying hepatic function of that patient. When
overdose occurs, acetylcysteine can be used as an
antidote. Life support measures may also be
necessary.
Antiretroviral adherence Correct Answers The
CDC estimates that only 36% of the people living
with HIV in the United States are prescribed ART
and that among these individuals, only 76% have
suppressed viral loads. Viral loads are often not
suppressed because the patient is not adhering to
the treatment plan. Many varied potential reasons
for decreased adherence.
Antiretroviral therapy - side effects Correct
Answers Many varied potential side effects.
Adverse effects associated with all HIV treatment
regimens include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity,
and osteopenia, along with increased risk of
cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction.
Many of the antiretroviral agents may cause fat
redistribution syndrome and metabolic alterations
, such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, which
put the patient at risk for early-onset heart disease
and diabetes. The fat redistribution syndrome
(lipodystrophy) consists of lipoatrophy (localized
subcutaneous fat loss in the face, arms, legs, and
buttocks) and lipohypertrophy (central visceral fat
[lipomata] accumulation in the abdomen, although
possibly in the breasts, dorsocervical region
[buffalo hump], and within the muscle and liver).
Facial wasting, characterized as a sinking of the
cheeks, eyes, and temples caused by the loss of fat
tissue under the skin, may be treated by injectable
fillers such as poly-l-lactic acid (Sculptra). These
changes can disturb the body image of people
living with HIV/AIDS and may be a reason they
decline or stop ART.
Antiretroviral treatment - indication of success
Correct Answers Laboratory tests evaluate
whether ART is effective for a specific patient. An
adequate CD4+ response for most patients on ART
is an increase in CD4+ count in the range of 50 to
150 mm3 per year, generally with an accelerated
response in the first 3 months. Viral load should be
measured at baseline and on a regular basis
thereafter because viral load is the most important
indicator of response to ART.
Antiretroviral treatment of HIV Correct Answers
The administration of highly active antiretroviral
With Complete Solutions
Acetaminophen - Education Correct Answers Tell
parents to consult prescriber before giving drug to
children younger than age 2. Advise parents that
drug is only for short-term use; urge them to
consult prescriber if giving to infants for longer
than 3 days, children for longer than 5 days, or
adults for longer than 10 days. Black Box Warning:
Advise patient or caregiver that many OTC
products contain acetaminophen and should be
counted when calculating total daily dose. Tell
patient to consult prescriber for fever lasting longer
than 3 days or recurrent fever. Alert: Warn patient
that high doses or unsupervised long-term use can
cause liver damage. Excessive alcohol use may
increase the risk of liver damage. Caution long-
term alcoholics to limit drug to 2 g/day or less.
Caution patient to contact health care provider if
signs and symptoms of liver damage (illogical
thinking, severe dyspepsia, jaundice, inability to
eat, weakness) occur. Alert: Warn patient to stop
drug and seek medical attention immediately if
rash or other reactions occurs while using
acetaminophen. Tell breastfeeding patient that
drug appears in human milk in low levels. Drug
may be used safely if therapy is short-term and
doesn't exceed recommended doses.
,Acetaminophen - Indication, MOA Correct Answers
Acetaminophen is indicated for the treatment of
pain and fever associated with a variety of
conditions, including influenza; for the prophylaxis
of children receiving diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus
immunizations (aspirin may mask Reye syndrome
in children); and for the relief of musculoskeletal
pain associated with arthritis. Acetaminophen acts
directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the
hypothalamus to cause sweating and vasodilation;
this in turn causes the release of heat and lowers
fever. The mechanism of action related to the
analgesic effects of acetaminophen has not been
identified.
Acetaminophen - Nursing considerations Correct
Answers Acetaminophen causes vasodilation and
heat release, lowering fever and working to relieve
pain but does not have anti-inflammatory effects.
Use cautiously in pregnant and breastfeeding
women. Embryo-fetal risk is very low. Many OTC
and prescription products contain acetaminophen;
be aware of this when calculating total daily dose.
Consider reducing total daily dose and increasing
dosing intervals in patients with hepatic or renal
impairment.
Acetaminophen - Side effects Correct Answers
Rash, fever, chest pain, liver toxicity and failure,
bone marrow suppression. Adverse effects
,associated with acetaminophen use include
headache, hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction,
skin rash, and fever. Hepatotoxicity is a potentially
fatal adverse effect that is usually associated with
chronic use and overdose and is related to direct
toxic effects on the liver. The dose that could prove
toxic varies with the age of the patient, other drugs
that the patient might be taking, and the
underlying hepatic function of that patient. When
overdose occurs, acetylcysteine can be used as an
antidote. Life support measures may also be
necessary.
Antiretroviral adherence Correct Answers The
CDC estimates that only 36% of the people living
with HIV in the United States are prescribed ART
and that among these individuals, only 76% have
suppressed viral loads. Viral loads are often not
suppressed because the patient is not adhering to
the treatment plan. Many varied potential reasons
for decreased adherence.
Antiretroviral therapy - side effects Correct
Answers Many varied potential side effects.
Adverse effects associated with all HIV treatment
regimens include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity,
and osteopenia, along with increased risk of
cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction.
Many of the antiretroviral agents may cause fat
redistribution syndrome and metabolic alterations
, such as dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, which
put the patient at risk for early-onset heart disease
and diabetes. The fat redistribution syndrome
(lipodystrophy) consists of lipoatrophy (localized
subcutaneous fat loss in the face, arms, legs, and
buttocks) and lipohypertrophy (central visceral fat
[lipomata] accumulation in the abdomen, although
possibly in the breasts, dorsocervical region
[buffalo hump], and within the muscle and liver).
Facial wasting, characterized as a sinking of the
cheeks, eyes, and temples caused by the loss of fat
tissue under the skin, may be treated by injectable
fillers such as poly-l-lactic acid (Sculptra). These
changes can disturb the body image of people
living with HIV/AIDS and may be a reason they
decline or stop ART.
Antiretroviral treatment - indication of success
Correct Answers Laboratory tests evaluate
whether ART is effective for a specific patient. An
adequate CD4+ response for most patients on ART
is an increase in CD4+ count in the range of 50 to
150 mm3 per year, generally with an accelerated
response in the first 3 months. Viral load should be
measured at baseline and on a regular basis
thereafter because viral load is the most important
indicator of response to ART.
Antiretroviral treatment of HIV Correct Answers
The administration of highly active antiretroviral
