NCLEX Style Questions- Shock and Sepsis EXAM 2025-
2026 LATEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWER
Which organ is at greatest risk due to the effects of hemolytic anemia?
A. Heart
B. Spleen
C. Kidney
D. Liver - answer>>>C. Kidney
For all causes of hemolysis, a major focus of treatment is to maintain renal function. When RBCs are
hemolyzed, the hemoglobin molecule is released and filtered by the kidneys. The accumulation of
hemoglobin molecules can obstruct the renal tubules and lead to acute tubular necrosis.
You anticipate the patient with hemochromatosis to be from which ethnic group?
A. African American
B. Hispanic American
C. White European
D. Chinese - answer>>>C. White European
Hemochromatosis is the most common genetic disorder among whites, with an incidence of 3 to 5 cases
per 1000 whites of European ancestry.
You expect which laboratory finding to be abnormal for a patient with hemochromatosis?
A. RBCs
B. Platelets
C. Iron
D. Folic acid - answer>>>C. Iron
The normal range for total body iron is 2 to 6 g. Individuals with hemochromatosis accumulate iron at a
rate of 0.5 to 1.0 g each year and may exceed total iron concentrations of 50 g.
A complication of the hyperviscosity of polycythemia is
,A. thrombosis.
B. cardiomyopathy.
C. pulmonary edema.
D. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). - answer>>>A. thrombosis.
Thrombosis is the most likely complication. The patient with polycythemia may experience angina, heart
failure, intermittent claudication, and thrombophlebitis, which may be complicated by embolization.
The most common and serious acute complication is stroke due to thrombosis.
Caring for a patient with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera will likely require you to
A. encourage deep breathing and coughing.
B. assist with or perform phlebotomy at the bedside.
C. teach the patient how to maintain a low-activity lifestyle.
D. perform thorough and regularly scheduled neurologic assessments. - answer>>>B. assist with or
perform phlebotomy at the bedside.
Primary polycythemia often requires phlebotomy to reduce blood volume. The increased risk of
thrombus formation that accompanies the disease requires regular exercises and ambulation.
When providing care for a patient with thrombocytopenia, you instruct the patient to
A. dab his or her nose instead of blowing.
B. be careful when shaving with a safety razor.
C. continue with physical activities to stimulate thrombopoiesis.
D. avoid aspirin because it may mask the fever that occurs with thrombocytopenia. - answer>>>A. dab
his or her nose instead of blowing.
Blowing the nose forcefully should be avoided; the patient should gently pat it with a tissue if needed.
Patients with thrombocytopenia should avoid aspirin; aspirin reduces platelet adhesiveness,
contributing to bleeding. Patients should not perform vigorous exercise or lift weights. If the patient is
weak and at risk for falling, supervise the patient when out of bed. Patients should be instructed not to
shave with a blade; an electric razor should be used.
Which nursing intervention should you prioritize in the care of a 30-year-old woman who has a diagnosis
of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
A. Administration of packed red blood cells
,B. Administration of clotting factors VIII and IX
C. Administration of oral or intravenous corticosteroids
D. Maintenance of reverse isolation and application of standard precautions - answer>>>C.
Administration of oral or intravenous corticosteroids
Common treatment modalities for ITP include corticosteroid therapy to suppress the phagocytic
response of splenic macrophages.
Which assessment findings are consistent with thrombocytopenia?
A. Petechiae, ecchymoses
B. Pallor, spider angiomas
C. Cyanosis, dullness
D. Jaundice, purpura - answer>>>A. Petechiae, ecchymoses
Many patients with thrombocytopenia are asymptomatic. The most common symptom is bleeding,
usually mucosal or cutaneous. Mucosal bleeding may manifest as epistaxis and gingival bleeding, and
large bullous hemorrhages may appear on the buccal mucosa because of the lack of vessel protection by
the submucosal tissue. Bleeding into the skin manifests as petechiae, purpura, or superficial ecchymoses
You anticipate that a patient with von Willebrand's disease undergoing surgery will be treated with
administration of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and
A. thrombin.
B. factor VI.
C. factor VII.
D. factor VIII. - answer>>>D. factor VIII.
Von Willebrand's disease involves a deficiency of the von Willebrand coagulation protein, variable factor
VIII deficiencies, and platelet dysfunction. Treatment includes administration of vWF and factor VIII.
A patient with a diagnosis of hemophilia fell down an escalator earlier in the day and is now
experiencing bleeding in her left knee joint. Your immediate response should include
A. immediate transfusion of platelets.
B. resting the patient's knee to prevent hemarthroses.
C. assistance with intracapsular injection of corticosteroids.
, D. range-of-motion exercises to prevent thrombus formation. - answer>>>B. resting the patient's knee
to prevent hemarthroses.
In patients with hemophilia, joint bleeding requires resting of the joint to prevent deformities from
hemarthrosis. Clotting factors, not platelets or corticosteroids, are administered.
The patient will receive desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) as a part of the treatment plan for mild
hemophilia A. The nurse knows the drug is used to stimulate blood clotting factors and expects which
outcome?
A. Increased red blood cell count
B. Decreased bleeding time
C. Increased reticulocytes
D. Increased platelets - answer>>>B. Decreased bleeding time
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a disorder in which
A. the coagulation pathway is genetically altered, leading to thrombus formation in all major blood
vessels.
B. an underlying disease depletes hemolytic factors in the blood, leading to diffuse thrombotic episodes
and infarcts.
C. a disease process stimulates coagulation processes with resultant thrombosis and depletion of
clotting factors, leading to diffuse clotting and hemorrhage.
D. an inherited predisposition causes a deficiency of clotting factors that leads to overstimulation of
coagulation processes in the vasculature. - answer>>>C. a disease process stimulates coagulation
processes with resultant thrombosis and depletion of clotting factors, leading to diffuse clotting and
hemorrhage.
DIC is a disease process in which there is stimulation of the coagulation process with resultant
thrombosis and depletion of clotting factors, leading to diffuse clotting and hemorrhage. The paradox of
this condition is characterized by the profuse bleeding that results from the depletion of platelets and
clotting factors.
Your primary goal in the care of the patient with DIC is to
A. provide emotional support.
B. recognize early signs of occult or overt bleeding.
C. monitor nutritional intake.
2026 LATEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWER
Which organ is at greatest risk due to the effects of hemolytic anemia?
A. Heart
B. Spleen
C. Kidney
D. Liver - answer>>>C. Kidney
For all causes of hemolysis, a major focus of treatment is to maintain renal function. When RBCs are
hemolyzed, the hemoglobin molecule is released and filtered by the kidneys. The accumulation of
hemoglobin molecules can obstruct the renal tubules and lead to acute tubular necrosis.
You anticipate the patient with hemochromatosis to be from which ethnic group?
A. African American
B. Hispanic American
C. White European
D. Chinese - answer>>>C. White European
Hemochromatosis is the most common genetic disorder among whites, with an incidence of 3 to 5 cases
per 1000 whites of European ancestry.
You expect which laboratory finding to be abnormal for a patient with hemochromatosis?
A. RBCs
B. Platelets
C. Iron
D. Folic acid - answer>>>C. Iron
The normal range for total body iron is 2 to 6 g. Individuals with hemochromatosis accumulate iron at a
rate of 0.5 to 1.0 g each year and may exceed total iron concentrations of 50 g.
A complication of the hyperviscosity of polycythemia is
,A. thrombosis.
B. cardiomyopathy.
C. pulmonary edema.
D. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). - answer>>>A. thrombosis.
Thrombosis is the most likely complication. The patient with polycythemia may experience angina, heart
failure, intermittent claudication, and thrombophlebitis, which may be complicated by embolization.
The most common and serious acute complication is stroke due to thrombosis.
Caring for a patient with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera will likely require you to
A. encourage deep breathing and coughing.
B. assist with or perform phlebotomy at the bedside.
C. teach the patient how to maintain a low-activity lifestyle.
D. perform thorough and regularly scheduled neurologic assessments. - answer>>>B. assist with or
perform phlebotomy at the bedside.
Primary polycythemia often requires phlebotomy to reduce blood volume. The increased risk of
thrombus formation that accompanies the disease requires regular exercises and ambulation.
When providing care for a patient with thrombocytopenia, you instruct the patient to
A. dab his or her nose instead of blowing.
B. be careful when shaving with a safety razor.
C. continue with physical activities to stimulate thrombopoiesis.
D. avoid aspirin because it may mask the fever that occurs with thrombocytopenia. - answer>>>A. dab
his or her nose instead of blowing.
Blowing the nose forcefully should be avoided; the patient should gently pat it with a tissue if needed.
Patients with thrombocytopenia should avoid aspirin; aspirin reduces platelet adhesiveness,
contributing to bleeding. Patients should not perform vigorous exercise or lift weights. If the patient is
weak and at risk for falling, supervise the patient when out of bed. Patients should be instructed not to
shave with a blade; an electric razor should be used.
Which nursing intervention should you prioritize in the care of a 30-year-old woman who has a diagnosis
of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)?
A. Administration of packed red blood cells
,B. Administration of clotting factors VIII and IX
C. Administration of oral or intravenous corticosteroids
D. Maintenance of reverse isolation and application of standard precautions - answer>>>C.
Administration of oral or intravenous corticosteroids
Common treatment modalities for ITP include corticosteroid therapy to suppress the phagocytic
response of splenic macrophages.
Which assessment findings are consistent with thrombocytopenia?
A. Petechiae, ecchymoses
B. Pallor, spider angiomas
C. Cyanosis, dullness
D. Jaundice, purpura - answer>>>A. Petechiae, ecchymoses
Many patients with thrombocytopenia are asymptomatic. The most common symptom is bleeding,
usually mucosal or cutaneous. Mucosal bleeding may manifest as epistaxis and gingival bleeding, and
large bullous hemorrhages may appear on the buccal mucosa because of the lack of vessel protection by
the submucosal tissue. Bleeding into the skin manifests as petechiae, purpura, or superficial ecchymoses
You anticipate that a patient with von Willebrand's disease undergoing surgery will be treated with
administration of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and
A. thrombin.
B. factor VI.
C. factor VII.
D. factor VIII. - answer>>>D. factor VIII.
Von Willebrand's disease involves a deficiency of the von Willebrand coagulation protein, variable factor
VIII deficiencies, and platelet dysfunction. Treatment includes administration of vWF and factor VIII.
A patient with a diagnosis of hemophilia fell down an escalator earlier in the day and is now
experiencing bleeding in her left knee joint. Your immediate response should include
A. immediate transfusion of platelets.
B. resting the patient's knee to prevent hemarthroses.
C. assistance with intracapsular injection of corticosteroids.
, D. range-of-motion exercises to prevent thrombus formation. - answer>>>B. resting the patient's knee
to prevent hemarthroses.
In patients with hemophilia, joint bleeding requires resting of the joint to prevent deformities from
hemarthrosis. Clotting factors, not platelets or corticosteroids, are administered.
The patient will receive desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) as a part of the treatment plan for mild
hemophilia A. The nurse knows the drug is used to stimulate blood clotting factors and expects which
outcome?
A. Increased red blood cell count
B. Decreased bleeding time
C. Increased reticulocytes
D. Increased platelets - answer>>>B. Decreased bleeding time
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a disorder in which
A. the coagulation pathway is genetically altered, leading to thrombus formation in all major blood
vessels.
B. an underlying disease depletes hemolytic factors in the blood, leading to diffuse thrombotic episodes
and infarcts.
C. a disease process stimulates coagulation processes with resultant thrombosis and depletion of
clotting factors, leading to diffuse clotting and hemorrhage.
D. an inherited predisposition causes a deficiency of clotting factors that leads to overstimulation of
coagulation processes in the vasculature. - answer>>>C. a disease process stimulates coagulation
processes with resultant thrombosis and depletion of clotting factors, leading to diffuse clotting and
hemorrhage.
DIC is a disease process in which there is stimulation of the coagulation process with resultant
thrombosis and depletion of clotting factors, leading to diffuse clotting and hemorrhage. The paradox of
this condition is characterized by the profuse bleeding that results from the depletion of platelets and
clotting factors.
Your primary goal in the care of the patient with DIC is to
A. provide emotional support.
B. recognize early signs of occult or overt bleeding.
C. monitor nutritional intake.
