NUR1460 Exam 2 Study Guide
Perfusion
Blood flow through the arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells.
Hypoxemia
Low levels of oxygen in the blood
Hypoxia
Decreased tissue oxygenation
this can result in insensible fluid loss which puts the patient at risk for dehydration
Tachypnea
Ventilation
The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during
expiration.
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing,
shortness of breath
A sign of serious disease of the airway, lungs, or heart.
What part of the brain is the primary respiratory control center?
Medulla Oblongata
It controls the muscles that controls respiration which allows breathing to occur.
What does the cardiac system do?
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells through the body and remove metabolic
waste.
Inspiration
When lung pressure is decreased below atmospheric pressure, and that causes air to move into
the lungs
,Expiration
When lung pressure is increased above atmospheric pressure and pushes air out of the lungs.
RBC Count
Men: 4.6-6.2 million/uL
Women: 4.2-5.4 million/uL
Hemoglobin
Men, 13.5-17.5 g/dL
Women, 12.0-15.5 g/dL
Normal range for pH (ABG)
pH- 7.35-7.45
Normal range for PaCO2 (ABG)
35-45
Normal range for HCO3 (ABG)
22-26
Normal range for PaO2
80-100 mmHg
What two disease cause COPD?
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
An abnormal accumulation of air due to enlargement and destruction of the lungs alveoli
resulting in scar tissue.
Chronic Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles which impairs airflow and gas exchange because of
mucus and narrowed airways.
Where are pressure ulcers likely to occur?
Bony prominences sacrum, ischium's, trochanters, and heels
Pressure in relation to pressure ulcers
, Based on distribution of weight
Friction in relation to pressure ulcers
when the surface of the skin is being rubbed causing irritation or tears of fragile epithelial tissue
Shear
Is thought to significantly contribute to the development of pressure ulcers particular areas
routinely subjected to both pressure and _____.
The sacrum and coccyx.
Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcers
Impaired cognition of sensory perception, immobility, friction and shearing, poor nutrition,
impaired perfusion and oxygenation, impaired sensation, incontinence and moisture, and
certain medical conditions.
How does the Braden Scale work?
The lower the number, the higher risk that patient is likely to develop a pressure ulcer/injury.
Maceration
softening of tissue by soaking
Tunneling
Undermining wound
Dead space under the edges of the wound
Prealbumin Levels
15-36 mg/dL
Perfusion
Blood flow through the arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells.
Hypoxemia
Low levels of oxygen in the blood
Hypoxia
Decreased tissue oxygenation
this can result in insensible fluid loss which puts the patient at risk for dehydration
Tachypnea
Ventilation
The process of air flowing into the lungs during inspiration and out of the lungs during
expiration.
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing,
shortness of breath
A sign of serious disease of the airway, lungs, or heart.
What part of the brain is the primary respiratory control center?
Medulla Oblongata
It controls the muscles that controls respiration which allows breathing to occur.
What does the cardiac system do?
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells through the body and remove metabolic
waste.
Inspiration
When lung pressure is decreased below atmospheric pressure, and that causes air to move into
the lungs
,Expiration
When lung pressure is increased above atmospheric pressure and pushes air out of the lungs.
RBC Count
Men: 4.6-6.2 million/uL
Women: 4.2-5.4 million/uL
Hemoglobin
Men, 13.5-17.5 g/dL
Women, 12.0-15.5 g/dL
Normal range for pH (ABG)
pH- 7.35-7.45
Normal range for PaCO2 (ABG)
35-45
Normal range for HCO3 (ABG)
22-26
Normal range for PaO2
80-100 mmHg
What two disease cause COPD?
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
Emphysema
An abnormal accumulation of air due to enlargement and destruction of the lungs alveoli
resulting in scar tissue.
Chronic Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles which impairs airflow and gas exchange because of
mucus and narrowed airways.
Where are pressure ulcers likely to occur?
Bony prominences sacrum, ischium's, trochanters, and heels
Pressure in relation to pressure ulcers
, Based on distribution of weight
Friction in relation to pressure ulcers
when the surface of the skin is being rubbed causing irritation or tears of fragile epithelial tissue
Shear
Is thought to significantly contribute to the development of pressure ulcers particular areas
routinely subjected to both pressure and _____.
The sacrum and coccyx.
Risk Factors for Pressure Ulcers
Impaired cognition of sensory perception, immobility, friction and shearing, poor nutrition,
impaired perfusion and oxygenation, impaired sensation, incontinence and moisture, and
certain medical conditions.
How does the Braden Scale work?
The lower the number, the higher risk that patient is likely to develop a pressure ulcer/injury.
Maceration
softening of tissue by soaking
Tunneling
Undermining wound
Dead space under the edges of the wound
Prealbumin Levels
15-36 mg/dL
