BIOD 351/ BIOD351 Module 1 Exam: Pharmacology | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct – Portage Learning.

BIOD 351/ BIOD351 Module 1 Exam: Pharmacology | Latest 2025/ 2026 Update | Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct – Portage Learning. Question: How many enhancer sites are indicated in the regulatory region of the Duffy gene? Answer: 3 Question: What is the cell specific of the GA(TC)A mutation? Answer: Red Blood Cells Question: What is the expected outcome in these cells due to the GA(TC)A mutation? Answer: Duffy protein will have a mutation in parasite binding domain Question: What is a likely explanation of how this GA(TC)A mutation influences Duffy protein expression, if at all? Answer: Transcription factors are unable to bind to the enhancer site, leading to no expression of Duffy protein Question: Which of the following terms describes the step at which cells become irreversibly committed to a particular cell fate? Answer: Determination Question: Which of the following is the correct order of developmental steps leading to a specialized cell type? Answer: Specification, determination, differentiation Question: As cells move along the continuum from stem cell to differentiated cell which of the following correctly identifies the properties of a determined cell? Answer: Fate is irreversible. Question: The diagram shows a nematode embryo at the four cell stage. The EMS cell normally divides and gives rise to cells that will form the mesoderm and endoderm. Killing the P2 cells leads to the disruption of EMS cell differentiation, which of the following best describes the process taking place? Answer: conditional specification of the EMS cell Question: Which of the following are TRUE properties of embryonic stem ( ES) cells? Answer: They are pluripotent, and will self-renew indefinitely. Question: Which of the following best defines asymmetric cell division? Answer: Mitosis producing unequal daughter cells that ensures stem cell self-renewal. Question: Pick the answer that BEST describes the potential of embryonic stem cells (ES cells). Answer: pluripotential Question: Fill in the blanks with the best answers. The _________________________ produce embryonic stem cells by ___________________________ . Answer: trophectoderm cells; asymmetric division IS NOT THE RIGHT ANSWER. Question: Within the early embryo, the primary heart field develops in response to high levels of bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) at the rostral end of the embryo. This is an example of which of the following? Answer: Morphogen gradient Question: You grow mesenchymal cells in Dish A and epidermal cells in Dish B. If you take the liquid medium only (containing no cells) from Dish A and place some of it into the liquid medium covering the epidermal cells in Dish B, you notice that it causes the epidermal cells to round up and thicken. What developmental concept does this example best describe? Answer: Induction of epithelial cells by paracrine signaling from mesenchymal cells. Question: The normal morphogen gradient in a limb bud is shown in the diagram below on the left. The panel on the right shows the levels of morphogen after a bead soaked with SHH is transplanted into the rostral side of a limb bud. Which of the following (A-E) best describes the expected pattern of digits? Answer: Not E Question: During eye development, a region of the developing brain grows outwards to be adjacent to the surface ectoderm. These two tissues then differentiate into the retina and lens, respectively. Placing a piece of aluminum foil between these two tissues blocks both of these differentiation processes. However, placing a piece of permeable membrane allows both processes to proceed. Based on these observations, what type of signaling is taking place? Answer: Paracrine- inducer released from a distance Question: The diagram below shows an example of juxtacrine signaling. Cell-cell contact is mediated through the __________ ligand on the inducing cell and ___________receptor on the responding cell in this pathway. Answer: Delta, Notcht Question: In the signaling diagram on the below, the ligand binds to a ________ . Fill in the blank. Answer: Receptor tyrosine kinase Question: Wnts play an important role in promoting EMT in developing neural crest progenitors. What is the receptor for secreted Wnts? Answer: Frizzled Question: Application of FGF8 coated beads induce limb mesenchymal cell proliferation. In contrast, FGF8 coated beads implanted on the epidermis of the back do not promote proliferation. This experiment provides an excellent example of which of the following? Answer: Competence Question: What would skin fibroblasts become if you induced expression of Oct4 (Pou5tf), Myc, Klf4, and Sox2? Answer: induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) Question: Signaling between endosteal osteoblasts and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow niche are necessary for which of the following? Answer: Maintenance of HSC potency and proliferation Question: Which of the following best describes the most important properties of the Yamanaka factors for iPSC generation? Answer: Pioneering transcription factors expressed in ES cells. Question: Organoids are considered mini-tissues in a 3D culture dish. They rely on an extracellular matrix artificially supplied to support organoid formation and growth. Organoids can recapitulate many or all of the cell types found within a specific tissue. For example, intestinal organoids contain the diverse array of absorptive and secretory cells found within the intestine that are required for intestine function. Given that organoids can regenerate differentiated cell types within the tissue as well as self-renew to maintain the organoid upon multiple passages, what is the likely cell-of-origin for an organoid to form? Answer: a stem cell ./ Question: You want to study the process of development in a relatively unstudied species, the green anole lizard. Which of the following is the best method for quantifying expression of as many genes as possible in specific parts of the embryo? Answer: RNA-Sequencing Question: In situ hybridization (ISH) detects the presence of which of the following _____? Fill in the blank. Answer: mRNA Question: What molecule does Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) allow us to examine? Answer: mRNA Question: Researchers did the experiment diagrammed below. Spots that light up red indicate what? Answer: Genes expressed in cancer cells Question: RNA interference is a mechanism for silencing gene expression by acting on ______ . Fill in the blank. Answer: E. C and D Question: In the diagram below there is a description of gene X and a transgene. (Yellow boxed P indicates the gene promoter.) Where would the transgene diagrammed be expressed? Answer: Only where gene X is expressed. Question: In the figure below, what method is used in the experiment? Answer: Transgenic mouse Question: In the figure below, which part of the transgene is the reporter gene? Use the blue letters to indicate the answer. Answer: B Question: Embryonic stem (ES) cells represented a scientific breakthrough and allowed for the development of technologies such as knockout mice. Which of the following best describes some key attributes of ES cells? Answer: They are pluripotent and can be manipulated in culture. Question: You have created a mouse with a knock out of the gene Nkx2.5. Which of the following most accurately describes what you have done? Answer: Replaced the wild type Nkx2.5 alleles with a neomycin resistance gene in ES cells using homologous recombination. Question: If you have targeted ES cells and inject them into a blastocyst which of the following will be true? Answer: Some embryonic cells will have the targeted gene. Question: What will be the result of thymidine kinase gene (TK) being incorporated into an ES cell's genome? Answer: It will make cells sensitive to Gancyclovir. Question: If you have a mouse line that expresses Cre recombinase under the control of a heart specific enhancer. Which of the following is true? Answer: Only cells in the heart express Cre recombinase. Question: A mouse with a floxed Fgf8 allele was bred to a mouse with a Cre recombinase transgene that is expressed only in the forelimb, not the hindlimb. Which of the following will be true? Answer: The cells of the forelimbs will have recombined Fgf8 genes. Question: You have made a transgene expressing the Cre recombinase gene. When used to make a transgenic mouse, where will this transgene integrate into the genome? Answer: A random chromosomal location Question: You want to find all of the tissues that express the Sox9 gene during embryogenesis. Which of the following would be the best method to use to determine this? Answer: Make a transgene expressing GFP with the Sox9 promoter/ enhancer sequences.