Summary Computer Science Fundamentals – First Year IT Notes (2025 Edition)

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Title: Computer Science Fundamentals –
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First Year IT Notes (2025 Edition)
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Table of Contents:

1. Introduction
2. Programming Basics
3. Computer Networks & Cybersecurity
4. Data Structures & SQL Basics
5. Practice Questions & Answers

, Page 1: Introduction

Welcome to the "Computer Science Fundamentals – First Year IT Notes (2025
Edition)". These notes are specially designed for beginners and first-year IT or Computer
Science students. Whether you're preparing for exams or brushing up on basics, this
document covers essential concepts with simplified explanations and practice material.

Topics Covered:

 Programming Basics (Variables, Data Types, Loops, Functions)
 Computer Networking Essentials
 Data Structures Introduction
 Basic Cybersecurity Principles
 SQL and Databases



Page 2: Programming Basics
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1. Variables and Data Types
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Variables store data values used in programs. Common data types include:
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 Integer (int): Whole numbers, e.g., x = 5
 Float (float): Decimal numbers, e.g., price = 4.99
 Character (char): A single character, e.g., 'A'
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 String (str): A sequence of characters, e.g., name = "Alice"
 Boolean (bool): True or False values, e.g., is_active = True
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2. Conditional Statements
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Used to make decisions based on conditions:

x = 10
if x > 5:
print("x is greater than 5")
elif x == 5:
print("x is 5")
else:
print("x is less than 5")

3. Loops

 For loop: Repeats a block a known number of times:

for i in range(5):
print(i)

 While loop: Runs until a condition becomes false:

count = 0