AQA A-LEVEL Psychology EXAM-COMPLETE TEST WITH
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What are caregiver interactions and what do they consist of? -Introduction to Attachment -
(answers)It is when babies have meaningful social interactions with their caregivers,
considting of reciprocity and Interactional synchrony.
What is Reciprocity? - (answers)This occurs when babies and mothers spend a lot of time in
intense pleasurable interaction, babies have 'alert phases', signalling they are ready for
interaction, which mothers two thirds of the time pick up on. They both pay close attention
to one another's verbal signs and facial expressions. The interaction becomes reciprocal
when they respond to one another.
What is interactional synchrony? - (answers)Defined as the temporal co- ordination micro
level social behaviour: taking place where mother and infant in a way that their actions and
emotions mirrors each other in a synchronised way.
What is the research done on interactional synchrony? - (answers)Meltzoff and Moore,
observed beginnings of interactional synchrony where an adult made one of three facial
expressions, whilst the child's response was being recorded and they found an association
between the expression of the adult and the actions of the infant. Isabella, recorded 30
mothers and infants and found high levels of synchrony were associated with better mother
and infant interaction.
What is the attachment figure research involving :Parent-infant attachment -
(answers)Parent-infant attachment: Schaffer and Emerson found the majority of babies
become attached to their mothers (around 7 months) first & formed secondary attachment
within a few weeks or months. 75% of infants studied, attachment was formed with the
father by 18 months which was decided by if the infant protested when the father walked
away
,What is the attachment figure research involving: The role of the father? -
(answers)Grossman carried out a longitudinal study looking at both parents behaviour and
to the quality of children's attachment into their teens. Quality of attachment in adolescence
was related to mothers but not fathers, showing the play a less important role. However,
their role in play affected quality, suggesting fathers have a different role in attachment more
involving play and stimulation.
Why is it hard to know what is happening when observing infants? -EVALUATION CAREGIVER
INTERACTIONS - (answers)It is merely hand movement and change in expression being seen,
it is extremely hard to know what is taking place in the infants mind and their perspective p.
This meant we can not know for certain the behaviours meanings in mother and infant
interactions.
How do controlled observations capture fine detail? - EVALUATION CAREGIVER
INTERACTIONS - (answers)Observations of infants and mothers are usually controlled
procedures and they are usually filmed from every angle capturing all the fine details to
study and analyse. Also babies do not know or care if they are being filmed so their
behaviour remains the same and is not a problem for observational research, this is a
strength as it means good validity.
Why don't observations tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity? -EVALUATION
CAREGIVER INTERACTION - (answers)Researcher points out they only describe behaviours
that occur at the same time but do not tell us the purpose of them. However there is some
evidence are helpfully to reciprocity and synchrony in development and stress responses,
empathy, language and moral development.
Why are there inconsistent findings on fathers? -EVALUATION ATTACHMENT FIGURES -
(answers)As there is different researcher interest, some are intrigued in the role of the
father as a secondary attachment figure and some are concerned with them being a primary
attachment figure. Some wanting to see the different in the mother and father behaviour In
a role and others wanted to see if the father could take on the maternal role. This is a
problem as psychologists can not easily answer what the role of the father is.
If fathers have a distinct role, why aren't children without fathers different? -EVALUATION
ATTACHMENT FIGURES - (answers)Grossman- found they are important in development, but
other studies found children growing up in same-sex families do not develop any differently
, from heterosexual families, suggesting role of the father as a secondary attachment is not
that important.
Why don't fathers generally become primary attachment figures? -EVALUATION
ATTACHMENT FIGURES - (answers)It could be due to traditional gender roles as women are
stereotyped this way, therefore fathers don't be nurturing. It could also be the female
hormones creating higher levels of nurturing and be biologically predisposed.
What did Schaffer and Emerson investigate? - Schaffer's stages of attachment -
(answers)Investigated formations of early attachments at the ages they developed,
emotional intensity and to whom they were.
What was their method for their study? - (answers)Studied 60 babes, 31 male and 29 female
from Glasgow and majority from working classes. They were visited every month for the first
year and then again at 18months, asked questions about the kind of protest their babies
showed to 7 everyday separations, this measured the infants attachment and assessed
stranger anxiety.
What were the findings in their study? - (answers)Between 25 and 32 weeks of age 50% of
babies showed separation anxiety to an adult, usually mother. Attachment tended to be the
caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions
(reciprocity), by the age of 40 weeks 80% of babies had formed a specific attachment and
30% displayed multiple,
What are the stages of attachment? - (answers)Stage 1: Asocial stage
Stage 2: Indiscriminate attachment
Stage 3: Specific attachment
Stage 4: Multiple attachments
What is the Asocial stage? - (answers)STAGE 1: Asocial stage- the baby is recognising and
forming bonds with carers, however the baby's behaviour toward non-human objects and
humans is similar. Babies do show preference for more similar humans and are happier in
the presence of some humans.
DETAILED ANSWERS | RATED 100% CORRECT!!
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What are caregiver interactions and what do they consist of? -Introduction to Attachment -
(answers)It is when babies have meaningful social interactions with their caregivers,
considting of reciprocity and Interactional synchrony.
What is Reciprocity? - (answers)This occurs when babies and mothers spend a lot of time in
intense pleasurable interaction, babies have 'alert phases', signalling they are ready for
interaction, which mothers two thirds of the time pick up on. They both pay close attention
to one another's verbal signs and facial expressions. The interaction becomes reciprocal
when they respond to one another.
What is interactional synchrony? - (answers)Defined as the temporal co- ordination micro
level social behaviour: taking place where mother and infant in a way that their actions and
emotions mirrors each other in a synchronised way.
What is the research done on interactional synchrony? - (answers)Meltzoff and Moore,
observed beginnings of interactional synchrony where an adult made one of three facial
expressions, whilst the child's response was being recorded and they found an association
between the expression of the adult and the actions of the infant. Isabella, recorded 30
mothers and infants and found high levels of synchrony were associated with better mother
and infant interaction.
What is the attachment figure research involving :Parent-infant attachment -
(answers)Parent-infant attachment: Schaffer and Emerson found the majority of babies
become attached to their mothers (around 7 months) first & formed secondary attachment
within a few weeks or months. 75% of infants studied, attachment was formed with the
father by 18 months which was decided by if the infant protested when the father walked
away
,What is the attachment figure research involving: The role of the father? -
(answers)Grossman carried out a longitudinal study looking at both parents behaviour and
to the quality of children's attachment into their teens. Quality of attachment in adolescence
was related to mothers but not fathers, showing the play a less important role. However,
their role in play affected quality, suggesting fathers have a different role in attachment more
involving play and stimulation.
Why is it hard to know what is happening when observing infants? -EVALUATION CAREGIVER
INTERACTIONS - (answers)It is merely hand movement and change in expression being seen,
it is extremely hard to know what is taking place in the infants mind and their perspective p.
This meant we can not know for certain the behaviours meanings in mother and infant
interactions.
How do controlled observations capture fine detail? - EVALUATION CAREGIVER
INTERACTIONS - (answers)Observations of infants and mothers are usually controlled
procedures and they are usually filmed from every angle capturing all the fine details to
study and analyse. Also babies do not know or care if they are being filmed so their
behaviour remains the same and is not a problem for observational research, this is a
strength as it means good validity.
Why don't observations tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity? -EVALUATION
CAREGIVER INTERACTION - (answers)Researcher points out they only describe behaviours
that occur at the same time but do not tell us the purpose of them. However there is some
evidence are helpfully to reciprocity and synchrony in development and stress responses,
empathy, language and moral development.
Why are there inconsistent findings on fathers? -EVALUATION ATTACHMENT FIGURES -
(answers)As there is different researcher interest, some are intrigued in the role of the
father as a secondary attachment figure and some are concerned with them being a primary
attachment figure. Some wanting to see the different in the mother and father behaviour In
a role and others wanted to see if the father could take on the maternal role. This is a
problem as psychologists can not easily answer what the role of the father is.
If fathers have a distinct role, why aren't children without fathers different? -EVALUATION
ATTACHMENT FIGURES - (answers)Grossman- found they are important in development, but
other studies found children growing up in same-sex families do not develop any differently
, from heterosexual families, suggesting role of the father as a secondary attachment is not
that important.
Why don't fathers generally become primary attachment figures? -EVALUATION
ATTACHMENT FIGURES - (answers)It could be due to traditional gender roles as women are
stereotyped this way, therefore fathers don't be nurturing. It could also be the female
hormones creating higher levels of nurturing and be biologically predisposed.
What did Schaffer and Emerson investigate? - Schaffer's stages of attachment -
(answers)Investigated formations of early attachments at the ages they developed,
emotional intensity and to whom they were.
What was their method for their study? - (answers)Studied 60 babes, 31 male and 29 female
from Glasgow and majority from working classes. They were visited every month for the first
year and then again at 18months, asked questions about the kind of protest their babies
showed to 7 everyday separations, this measured the infants attachment and assessed
stranger anxiety.
What were the findings in their study? - (answers)Between 25 and 32 weeks of age 50% of
babies showed separation anxiety to an adult, usually mother. Attachment tended to be the
caregiver who was most interactive and sensitive to infant signals and facial expressions
(reciprocity), by the age of 40 weeks 80% of babies had formed a specific attachment and
30% displayed multiple,
What are the stages of attachment? - (answers)Stage 1: Asocial stage
Stage 2: Indiscriminate attachment
Stage 3: Specific attachment
Stage 4: Multiple attachments
What is the Asocial stage? - (answers)STAGE 1: Asocial stage- the baby is recognising and
forming bonds with carers, however the baby's behaviour toward non-human objects and
humans is similar. Babies do show preference for more similar humans and are happier in
the presence of some humans.
