BPK 446 final questions with verified
answers graded A+
White and gray matter lesions in MS - correct answer ✔✔Early active white matter
demyelination falls into three major categories. The most common types (Patterns I and II) show
a background of mononuclear phagocytes with perivascular and parenchymal T-cell infiltration;
Pattern II is further distinguished by immunoglobulin and complement deposition. In ~25% of
biopsied active lesions (Pattern III), oligodendrocyte apoptosis is accompanied by a "dying-back"
oligodendrogliopathy, starting at the "inner tongue." These lesions show resemble viral, toxic,
and ischemic processes, and can be destructive. After the acute phase, factors that remain
poorly understood determine whether surviving axons in a lesion are invested by a thin myelin
sheath ("remyelinated"), whether inflammation resolves without remyelination ("chronic
inactive"), or whether inflammation and slow myelin degeneration persist ("smoldering").
Smoldering lesions are most common in progressive MS. The subpial cortical lesion, which is
also more common in progressive MS, is characterized by demyelination of the superficial
cortex, possibly associated with inflammation in the overlying leptomeninges and sparse
microglia at the border between demyelinated and myelinated neuropil.
Ab= antibody - correct answer ✔✔
overview of immunity - correct answer ✔✔•Immunity can generally be characterized as our
ability to resist or eliminate potentially deleterious foreign pathogens or abnormal cells. defence
against invading viral and bacterial pathogens, removal of tissue debris, identification and
destruction of foreign or mutant cells
•Immune system function is not always appropriate- allergies, autoimmune disease.
-Two major components of the immune response (in gen, not just in nervous system): Innate
immunity (rapid response), Adaptive immunity (slow response)
Myasthenia gravis= B-lymphocyte mediated disease
Multiple Sclerosis= T-lymphocyte mediated disease - correct answer ✔✔
,Innate Immunity - correct answer ✔✔-Innate immunity can generally be considered to be the
body's firstline defense against infection. it consists of both soluble factors and cellular
components
•soluble factors: various complement proteins, cytokines, etc
•cellular components: granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils
and neutrophils), mast cells, macrophage/ monocyte, microglia, dendritic cells (dendritic cells
have surface projections that resemble dendrites of neurons). ubiquitous throughout the body;
tend to aggregate at interfaces between the external and internal
environments, (e.g., GI tract, skin)
-the innate immune response is rapid
•included in the innate immune response are various complement proteins- these are proteins
produced by the liver that are activated by either invading organisms or antibodies.
complement proteins "complement" the action of antibodies
compliment proteins - correct answer ✔✔-included in the innate immune response
-proteins produced by the liver that are activated by either invading organisms or antibodies.
complement proteins "complement" the action of antibodies
-Activation of compliment proteins triggers the compliment cascade
-Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive form.cascade is triggered by a
compliment molecule encountering an antibody bound to antigen in an antigen antibody
complex.
-net result: target cell membrane becomes highly porous
Monoctytes- Innate Immunity - correct answer ✔✔-Key players in innate immunity are likely
monocytes and
microglial cells (in the CNS)
•Monocytes differentiate into other cell types and may be rel in pathogenesis of certain
neurological diseases
-In CNS, monocytes are believed to differentiate into microglia;
, outside the CNS monocytes differentiate into macrophage
-Microglia are established early in life, presumably from seeding the CNS with moncytes.
Microglia constitute 20% of brain cells; likely behave in a similar manner to
monocytes. Implication for neurodegenerative diseases: microglia likely determine
response to CNS infection/injury or disease
Microglia- Innate Immunity - correct answer ✔✔•Microglia are activated by a variety of factors
and stimuli. detect signals from neurons such as neurotransmitters (Ach, norepinephrine, ATP,
high K+, cytokines); the ability of microglia to respond to
molecules involved in neurotransmission allow them to respond to a
metabolic disturbance. Neuronal activity could control activation
•Microglia interact with other cells. Brain injury is us associated with activation not only of
microglia but also astocytes. Both astrocytes and glial cells
produce pro-inflammatory
cytokines and factors that
regulate vascular endothelium. recruits other immune cells
(e.g. monocytes, lymphocytes,
sometimes neutrophils)
Adaptive Immunity - correct answer ✔✔-Relative to the innate immune response, the adaptive
immune response is slower to develop
-it is highly antigenic specific, however the adaptive immune system also "remembers" past
pathogens encountered
•response to subsequent exposure to antigen larger and more rapid
-The Constituents of Adaptive Immunity include: antibodies, B cells (aka B lymphocytes;
converted into plasma cells, which release antibodies), T cells (aka T lymphocytes)
**there are two types of T cells: CD4+ (aka Helper T cells) and CD8+ (aka Killer T cells)
answers graded A+
White and gray matter lesions in MS - correct answer ✔✔Early active white matter
demyelination falls into three major categories. The most common types (Patterns I and II) show
a background of mononuclear phagocytes with perivascular and parenchymal T-cell infiltration;
Pattern II is further distinguished by immunoglobulin and complement deposition. In ~25% of
biopsied active lesions (Pattern III), oligodendrocyte apoptosis is accompanied by a "dying-back"
oligodendrogliopathy, starting at the "inner tongue." These lesions show resemble viral, toxic,
and ischemic processes, and can be destructive. After the acute phase, factors that remain
poorly understood determine whether surviving axons in a lesion are invested by a thin myelin
sheath ("remyelinated"), whether inflammation resolves without remyelination ("chronic
inactive"), or whether inflammation and slow myelin degeneration persist ("smoldering").
Smoldering lesions are most common in progressive MS. The subpial cortical lesion, which is
also more common in progressive MS, is characterized by demyelination of the superficial
cortex, possibly associated with inflammation in the overlying leptomeninges and sparse
microglia at the border between demyelinated and myelinated neuropil.
Ab= antibody - correct answer ✔✔
overview of immunity - correct answer ✔✔•Immunity can generally be characterized as our
ability to resist or eliminate potentially deleterious foreign pathogens or abnormal cells. defence
against invading viral and bacterial pathogens, removal of tissue debris, identification and
destruction of foreign or mutant cells
•Immune system function is not always appropriate- allergies, autoimmune disease.
-Two major components of the immune response (in gen, not just in nervous system): Innate
immunity (rapid response), Adaptive immunity (slow response)
Myasthenia gravis= B-lymphocyte mediated disease
Multiple Sclerosis= T-lymphocyte mediated disease - correct answer ✔✔
,Innate Immunity - correct answer ✔✔-Innate immunity can generally be considered to be the
body's firstline defense against infection. it consists of both soluble factors and cellular
components
•soluble factors: various complement proteins, cytokines, etc
•cellular components: granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils
and neutrophils), mast cells, macrophage/ monocyte, microglia, dendritic cells (dendritic cells
have surface projections that resemble dendrites of neurons). ubiquitous throughout the body;
tend to aggregate at interfaces between the external and internal
environments, (e.g., GI tract, skin)
-the innate immune response is rapid
•included in the innate immune response are various complement proteins- these are proteins
produced by the liver that are activated by either invading organisms or antibodies.
complement proteins "complement" the action of antibodies
compliment proteins - correct answer ✔✔-included in the innate immune response
-proteins produced by the liver that are activated by either invading organisms or antibodies.
complement proteins "complement" the action of antibodies
-Activation of compliment proteins triggers the compliment cascade
-Complement proteins circulate in the blood in an inactive form.cascade is triggered by a
compliment molecule encountering an antibody bound to antigen in an antigen antibody
complex.
-net result: target cell membrane becomes highly porous
Monoctytes- Innate Immunity - correct answer ✔✔-Key players in innate immunity are likely
monocytes and
microglial cells (in the CNS)
•Monocytes differentiate into other cell types and may be rel in pathogenesis of certain
neurological diseases
-In CNS, monocytes are believed to differentiate into microglia;
, outside the CNS monocytes differentiate into macrophage
-Microglia are established early in life, presumably from seeding the CNS with moncytes.
Microglia constitute 20% of brain cells; likely behave in a similar manner to
monocytes. Implication for neurodegenerative diseases: microglia likely determine
response to CNS infection/injury or disease
Microglia- Innate Immunity - correct answer ✔✔•Microglia are activated by a variety of factors
and stimuli. detect signals from neurons such as neurotransmitters (Ach, norepinephrine, ATP,
high K+, cytokines); the ability of microglia to respond to
molecules involved in neurotransmission allow them to respond to a
metabolic disturbance. Neuronal activity could control activation
•Microglia interact with other cells. Brain injury is us associated with activation not only of
microglia but also astocytes. Both astrocytes and glial cells
produce pro-inflammatory
cytokines and factors that
regulate vascular endothelium. recruits other immune cells
(e.g. monocytes, lymphocytes,
sometimes neutrophils)
Adaptive Immunity - correct answer ✔✔-Relative to the innate immune response, the adaptive
immune response is slower to develop
-it is highly antigenic specific, however the adaptive immune system also "remembers" past
pathogens encountered
•response to subsequent exposure to antigen larger and more rapid
-The Constituents of Adaptive Immunity include: antibodies, B cells (aka B lymphocytes;
converted into plasma cells, which release antibodies), T cells (aka T lymphocytes)
**there are two types of T cells: CD4+ (aka Helper T cells) and CD8+ (aka Killer T cells)
