NSG 6691 FINAL EXAM| QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% SOLVED| LATEST
UPDATE GUARANTEED PASS
Know the elements for critical appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of a research report.
An evaluation of strength and quality of the study. Not a criticism of the work. Provides a
structure for reviewing the sections of a research study.
Case study - The study of a selected phenomenon that provides an in-depth description of
its dimensions and processes. Typically only one case is used. Lower level of evidence. Requires
researcher immersion. Well-suited for unusual phenomena
Know the steps for quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative Research Steps - Research problem, purpose, literature review, TF and/or CF,
hypothesis/research questions, research design, sample type and size, legal-ethical issues,
instruments, validity and reliability, data collection procedure, data analysis, results, discussion
of findings and new findings, implications limitations and recommendations, references,
communicating research results
Qualitative Research Steps - identify the phenomenon, research question study purpose,
literature review, design, sample, legal-ethical issues, data collection procedure, data analysis,
results, discussion and recommendation, references
Know qualitative designs: phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study.
Phenomenology - a qualitative research approach that aims to describe experience as it is
lived through, before it is conceptualized
Ethnography - a qualitative research approach designed to produce cultural theory
Grounded theory - theory that is constructed inductively from a base of observations of the
world as it is lived by a selected group of people
,Transferability another name to describe the appropriateness of applying the findings to
other situations
For qualitative studies, know credibility, auditability, confirmability, fittingness, transferability,
data saturation.
Credibility - steps in qualitative research to ensure accuracy, validity, or soundness of data.
Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline
Auditability - researcher's development of the research process in a qualitative study that
allows a researcher or reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the researcher.
Accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research
question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings
Confirmability - in qualitative research, the process of establishing the validity of empiric
theory and research; in some qualitative methods, confirmation may be assumed as a result of
the methodology used; confirmation may also require the theory and research to be used in
additional settings
Fittingness - faithfulness to participants' everyday reality, described in enough detail so that
others can evaluate importance for practice, research, and theory development. Answers the
following questions: are the findings applicable outside the study situation? Are the results
meaningful to the individual not involved in the research?
Know critical appraisal elements of qualitative research reports. Critical appraisal of
qualitative studies focuses on how the integrity of the design and methods will affect the
credibility and meaningfulness of the findings and their usefulness in clinical practice
Qualitative research critical appraisal process consists of identifying the components of the
qualitative research process in studies, determining study strengths and weaknesses, and
evaluating the trustworthiness and meaning of study findings
, Know steps of evidence-based practice. a. Ask a clinical question
b. Collect the most relevant evidence
c. Clinically appraise the evidence
d. Integrate all the evidence with one's clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in
making a practice decision
e. Evaluate the practice decision or change
f. Share the outcome of EBP changes with others
Know measures of association and how to calculate and interpret EBP study results (EER, CER,
OR, RR, APR, RRR, ABI, RBI)
Experimental event rate EER proportion of patients in experimental treatment groups in
which an event is observed
Absolute risk reduction ARR - a value that gives reduction of risk in absolute terms.
Considered the real reduction because it is the difference between the risk observed in those
who did not experience the event. Arithmetic difference in risk of outcome between patients
who have had the event and those who have not had the event calculated as EER-CER
Control event rate CER - proportion of patients in a control group in which an event is
observed
Odds ratio OR- an estimate of relative risk used in logistic regression as a measure of
association; describes the probability of an event. Calculated by dividing the odds in the
treatment or exposed group by the odds in the control group. If OR =1, there is no difference. If
OR is less than 1, the event is less likely in the treatment group than the control group. If
greater than 1, the event is more likely to occur in the treatment group than in the control
group. Disease is absent with that when it is present. (1-sensitivity)/specificity
Relative risk RR- risk of event after experimental treatment as a percentage of original risk.
Probability of an event in the treatment group divided by the probability of the event in the
UPDATE GUARANTEED PASS
Know the elements for critical appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of a research report.
An evaluation of strength and quality of the study. Not a criticism of the work. Provides a
structure for reviewing the sections of a research study.
Case study - The study of a selected phenomenon that provides an in-depth description of
its dimensions and processes. Typically only one case is used. Lower level of evidence. Requires
researcher immersion. Well-suited for unusual phenomena
Know the steps for quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative Research Steps - Research problem, purpose, literature review, TF and/or CF,
hypothesis/research questions, research design, sample type and size, legal-ethical issues,
instruments, validity and reliability, data collection procedure, data analysis, results, discussion
of findings and new findings, implications limitations and recommendations, references,
communicating research results
Qualitative Research Steps - identify the phenomenon, research question study purpose,
literature review, design, sample, legal-ethical issues, data collection procedure, data analysis,
results, discussion and recommendation, references
Know qualitative designs: phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study.
Phenomenology - a qualitative research approach that aims to describe experience as it is
lived through, before it is conceptualized
Ethnography - a qualitative research approach designed to produce cultural theory
Grounded theory - theory that is constructed inductively from a base of observations of the
world as it is lived by a selected group of people
,Transferability another name to describe the appropriateness of applying the findings to
other situations
For qualitative studies, know credibility, auditability, confirmability, fittingness, transferability,
data saturation.
Credibility - steps in qualitative research to ensure accuracy, validity, or soundness of data.
Truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline
Auditability - researcher's development of the research process in a qualitative study that
allows a researcher or reader to follow the thinking or conclusions of the researcher.
Accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research
question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings
Confirmability - in qualitative research, the process of establishing the validity of empiric
theory and research; in some qualitative methods, confirmation may be assumed as a result of
the methodology used; confirmation may also require the theory and research to be used in
additional settings
Fittingness - faithfulness to participants' everyday reality, described in enough detail so that
others can evaluate importance for practice, research, and theory development. Answers the
following questions: are the findings applicable outside the study situation? Are the results
meaningful to the individual not involved in the research?
Know critical appraisal elements of qualitative research reports. Critical appraisal of
qualitative studies focuses on how the integrity of the design and methods will affect the
credibility and meaningfulness of the findings and their usefulness in clinical practice
Qualitative research critical appraisal process consists of identifying the components of the
qualitative research process in studies, determining study strengths and weaknesses, and
evaluating the trustworthiness and meaning of study findings
, Know steps of evidence-based practice. a. Ask a clinical question
b. Collect the most relevant evidence
c. Clinically appraise the evidence
d. Integrate all the evidence with one's clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in
making a practice decision
e. Evaluate the practice decision or change
f. Share the outcome of EBP changes with others
Know measures of association and how to calculate and interpret EBP study results (EER, CER,
OR, RR, APR, RRR, ABI, RBI)
Experimental event rate EER proportion of patients in experimental treatment groups in
which an event is observed
Absolute risk reduction ARR - a value that gives reduction of risk in absolute terms.
Considered the real reduction because it is the difference between the risk observed in those
who did not experience the event. Arithmetic difference in risk of outcome between patients
who have had the event and those who have not had the event calculated as EER-CER
Control event rate CER - proportion of patients in a control group in which an event is
observed
Odds ratio OR- an estimate of relative risk used in logistic regression as a measure of
association; describes the probability of an event. Calculated by dividing the odds in the
treatment or exposed group by the odds in the control group. If OR =1, there is no difference. If
OR is less than 1, the event is less likely in the treatment group than the control group. If
greater than 1, the event is more likely to occur in the treatment group than in the control
group. Disease is absent with that when it is present. (1-sensitivity)/specificity
Relative risk RR- risk of event after experimental treatment as a percentage of original risk.
Probability of an event in the treatment group divided by the probability of the event in the
