NSG 6691 FINAL REVIEW| QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% SOLVED| LATEST
UPDATE GUARANTEED PASS
randomized controlled trial a research study using a true experimental design. (pg. 184) may
be call "clinical trial". Considered GOLD STANDARD for providing information about cause-and-
effect relationships. Level 2 evidence. These ARE randomized, controlled, and manipulated
retrospective study nonexperimental research design that begins with the phenomena of
interest (DV) in the present and examines its relationship to another variable (IV) in the past.
(pg. 207) like expost facto. DV has already been affected my IV. Study done after the fact.
Research hypothesizes results. Increased confidence in these results bc of higher level of
control
systematic review process where investigators find all relevant studies, published and
unpublished, on topic or question, at least two members of the review team independently
assess the quality of each study, include or exclude studies based on pre-established criteria,
statistically combine the results of individual studies, and present a balanced and impartial
evidence summary of the findings that represents a "state of the science" conclusion about the
evidence supporting benefits and risk of a given health care practice. (pg. 21) Summation and
eval of group of research studies that test a similar research question, if more than on study
called meta-analysis. (pg.220) Sum of quant studies with similar research questions/ inclusion
and exclusion criteria
secondary analysis a form of research in which the research takes the previously collected
and analyzed data and reanalyzes the data for a secondary purpose. (pg.212) Can experimental
or nonexperimental. Cannot ne used to find causality but can provide information. (pg. 283)
uses this type of research to study records or data to figure out problems that need solving
non-probability Which samplings lacks randomization
Convenience sampling (nonprob) easy to find sample, HIGH bias risk, questionable
representation of sample, uses most available persons for research
, quota sampling (nonprob) moderately easy to find sample, unknown source of bias, that
affects external validity, somewhat representative of population of interest. (pg.238) a
percentage represents a whole
purposive sampling (nonprob) moderately easy to find sample, bias increased,
heterogeneity of population, conscious bias, lacks ability to represent the whole sample bc
sample not handpicked. (Pg. 238) subjects are chosen bc they are thought to be typical of the
population. Used to study a highly unusual group (ex: rare disease)
Simple random sampling (prob) BEST rep of sample, time consuming to find sample, careful
and controlled process, must meet certain criteria
stratified random sampling time consuming to find sample, low bias, good rep of sample.
(pg. 241) population is divided into strata or subgroups, then divided into homogeneous, then
number of elements from each subset are randomly selected on the basis of their proportion in
the population. Stratified by age, gender, religion, etc
multistage or cluster sampling (prob) less or more depending on strata, as risk for more bias
that other 2, less rep of sample than others. (pg. 242) Take samples from a large group and
make smaller groups in a second sampling stage
type 1 error rejects null when it is actually true
type 1 error accepts there is a difference when there is actually no difference btw groups,
results are not significant when you think they are
type 1 error false postitive
UPDATE GUARANTEED PASS
randomized controlled trial a research study using a true experimental design. (pg. 184) may
be call "clinical trial". Considered GOLD STANDARD for providing information about cause-and-
effect relationships. Level 2 evidence. These ARE randomized, controlled, and manipulated
retrospective study nonexperimental research design that begins with the phenomena of
interest (DV) in the present and examines its relationship to another variable (IV) in the past.
(pg. 207) like expost facto. DV has already been affected my IV. Study done after the fact.
Research hypothesizes results. Increased confidence in these results bc of higher level of
control
systematic review process where investigators find all relevant studies, published and
unpublished, on topic or question, at least two members of the review team independently
assess the quality of each study, include or exclude studies based on pre-established criteria,
statistically combine the results of individual studies, and present a balanced and impartial
evidence summary of the findings that represents a "state of the science" conclusion about the
evidence supporting benefits and risk of a given health care practice. (pg. 21) Summation and
eval of group of research studies that test a similar research question, if more than on study
called meta-analysis. (pg.220) Sum of quant studies with similar research questions/ inclusion
and exclusion criteria
secondary analysis a form of research in which the research takes the previously collected
and analyzed data and reanalyzes the data for a secondary purpose. (pg.212) Can experimental
or nonexperimental. Cannot ne used to find causality but can provide information. (pg. 283)
uses this type of research to study records or data to figure out problems that need solving
non-probability Which samplings lacks randomization
Convenience sampling (nonprob) easy to find sample, HIGH bias risk, questionable
representation of sample, uses most available persons for research
, quota sampling (nonprob) moderately easy to find sample, unknown source of bias, that
affects external validity, somewhat representative of population of interest. (pg.238) a
percentage represents a whole
purposive sampling (nonprob) moderately easy to find sample, bias increased,
heterogeneity of population, conscious bias, lacks ability to represent the whole sample bc
sample not handpicked. (Pg. 238) subjects are chosen bc they are thought to be typical of the
population. Used to study a highly unusual group (ex: rare disease)
Simple random sampling (prob) BEST rep of sample, time consuming to find sample, careful
and controlled process, must meet certain criteria
stratified random sampling time consuming to find sample, low bias, good rep of sample.
(pg. 241) population is divided into strata or subgroups, then divided into homogeneous, then
number of elements from each subset are randomly selected on the basis of their proportion in
the population. Stratified by age, gender, religion, etc
multistage or cluster sampling (prob) less or more depending on strata, as risk for more bias
that other 2, less rep of sample than others. (pg. 242) Take samples from a large group and
make smaller groups in a second sampling stage
type 1 error rejects null when it is actually true
type 1 error accepts there is a difference when there is actually no difference btw groups,
results are not significant when you think they are
type 1 error false postitive
