BIOL235 Midterm #1 Graded A

1. The study of bodily structures and the relationship between them - Anatomy 2. The study of bodily function and how the body parts work - Physiology 3. chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism - Levels of organization 4. Smallest level or organization. Made up of atoms (smallest units of matter, participates in chemical reactions) and molecules (2+ atoms joined together). Certain atoms (C, H, O, N, P, Ca, S) are essential for maintaining life. (Letters) - Chemical level of organization 5. Molecules form cells- the basic structural and functional units of an organism. (Words) - Cellular level of organization 6. Groups of cells and the materials around them that work together to perform a certain function. (Sentences) - Tissue level of organization 7. Different tissues joined together to form an organ with a specific function and recognizable shape. (Paragraph) - Organ level of organization 8. Consists of related organs with a common function. (Chapter) - System level of organization 9. Largest living system functioning together to constitute the total organism, made up of multiple systems that work to maintain homeostasis. (The book) - Organism level of organization A) skin, hair, fingernails, sweat glands and oil glands B) protects body, regulates temperature, eliminates wastes, vitamin D synthesis, detects sensations, provides insulation - Integumentary system A) Organs of digestive canal (gastrointestinal tract), a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. B) achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients and eliminates solid wastes - Digestive system A) Lymphatic fluid (lymph plasma) and lymphatic vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others). B) Returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B and T cells that protect against microbes - Lymphatic system A) Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs. B) Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and exhaled CO2, regulates pH balance, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sounds - Respiratory system A) Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, and penis in males). B) Gonads produce gametes that unite to form new organisms, release hormones that regulate reproduction and other processes, transport and store gametes, produce milk - Reproductive system A) Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, suprarenal (adrenal) glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs. B) Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ) - Endocrine system A) Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. B) Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells - Urinary system A) Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages. B) Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats) - Skeletal system A) Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue—muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac). B) Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; and is the major source of heat production - Muscular system