NSG 6691 FINAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
100% CORRECT!!! (GRADED A+)
Q: What is external validity in research?
A: It refers to how well the results of a study can be applied to other groups or
settings.
Q: What does internal validity measure in a study?
A: It measures whether the observed effects are truly due to the intervention and
not other factors.
Q: What is the ethical principle of justice in research?
A: Ensuring all participants are treated fairly and equitably.
Q: What does "respect for persons" mean in research ethics?
A: It means individuals have the right to make their own choices about
participation.
Q: What does the principle of beneficence require?
A: That researchers maximize benefits and minimize harm to participants.
Q: What is a sample in research terms?
A: A selected group taken from a larger population for study.
Q: Define population in research.
A: A full group of individuals or items with shared characteristics from which a
sample is drawn.
Q: What is interrater reliability?
A: The level of agreement or consistency between multiple observers recording the
same event.
Q: What is an extraneous variable?
A: A factor not being studied that might influence the results.
Q: What does “control” mean in a study?
A: Keeping conditions constant to avoid bias in results.
,Q: What is randomization in research?
A: A method where every subject has an equal chance of being assigned to any
group.
Q: What is credibility in qualitative research?
A: Confidence that the findings accurately reflect the participants' experiences.
Q: What does auditability mean in a study?
A: The ability for someone to trace the research steps and understand how
conclusions were made.
Q: What does fittingness refer to in qualitative research?
A: Whether the study results are relevant and meaningful beyond the original
setting.
Q: What is data saturation?
A: The point when collecting more data no longer adds new insights.
Q: What is nominal data?
A: Categorical data with no logical order, like types of fruits or colors.
Q: What is ordinal data?
A: Data arranged in order but without equal spacing between points, such as
rankings.
Q: What is interval data?
A: Data with ordered categories and equal spacing, but no true zero—e.g.,
temperature.
Q: What is ratio data?
A: Data with equal intervals and a true zero point, such as height or weight.
Q: What does error variance refer to?
A: Differences in data that are caused by unknown or uncontrolled factors.
Q: What is systematic error?
A: A consistent inaccuracy caused by flaws in the process or tools.
Q: What is random error?
A: Unpredictable variation due to chance or inconsistent measurement.
, Q: What does sensitivity in a diagnostic test mean?
A: It shows how well the test detects true positives.
Q: What does specificity in a diagnostic test mean?
A: It indicates how well the test rules out those who don't have the condition (true
negatives).
Q: What is a confidence interval?
A: A range of values that likely includes the true population statistic.
Q: What is a survival curve?
A: A graph that displays how long individuals in a study remain in a particular
condition or alive over time.
Q: What is a likelihood ratio?
A: A value that helps determine how much a test result changes the odds of a
disease being present.
Odds ratio - - ANSWER✔✔an estimate of relative risk used in logistic regression
as a measure of association; describes the probability of an event
Know what is meant by null value. - ANSWER✔✔In an experiment, when a value
is obtained that indicates that there is no difference between the treatment and
control groups
Know components of the PICO. - ANSWER✔✔P: Problem/patient population -
what is the specifically defined group?
I: Intervention - what intervention or event will be used to address the problem or
population?
C: Comparison - how does the intervention compare to current standards of care or
another intervention?
O: Outcome - what is the effect of the proposed or comparison intervention?
Operational definitions - ANSWER✔✔- measurements used to observe or measure
a variable; delineates the procedures or operations required to measure a concept
Conceptual definitions - ANSWER✔✔general meaning of a concept
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
100% CORRECT!!! (GRADED A+)
Q: What is external validity in research?
A: It refers to how well the results of a study can be applied to other groups or
settings.
Q: What does internal validity measure in a study?
A: It measures whether the observed effects are truly due to the intervention and
not other factors.
Q: What is the ethical principle of justice in research?
A: Ensuring all participants are treated fairly and equitably.
Q: What does "respect for persons" mean in research ethics?
A: It means individuals have the right to make their own choices about
participation.
Q: What does the principle of beneficence require?
A: That researchers maximize benefits and minimize harm to participants.
Q: What is a sample in research terms?
A: A selected group taken from a larger population for study.
Q: Define population in research.
A: A full group of individuals or items with shared characteristics from which a
sample is drawn.
Q: What is interrater reliability?
A: The level of agreement or consistency between multiple observers recording the
same event.
Q: What is an extraneous variable?
A: A factor not being studied that might influence the results.
Q: What does “control” mean in a study?
A: Keeping conditions constant to avoid bias in results.
,Q: What is randomization in research?
A: A method where every subject has an equal chance of being assigned to any
group.
Q: What is credibility in qualitative research?
A: Confidence that the findings accurately reflect the participants' experiences.
Q: What does auditability mean in a study?
A: The ability for someone to trace the research steps and understand how
conclusions were made.
Q: What does fittingness refer to in qualitative research?
A: Whether the study results are relevant and meaningful beyond the original
setting.
Q: What is data saturation?
A: The point when collecting more data no longer adds new insights.
Q: What is nominal data?
A: Categorical data with no logical order, like types of fruits or colors.
Q: What is ordinal data?
A: Data arranged in order but without equal spacing between points, such as
rankings.
Q: What is interval data?
A: Data with ordered categories and equal spacing, but no true zero—e.g.,
temperature.
Q: What is ratio data?
A: Data with equal intervals and a true zero point, such as height or weight.
Q: What does error variance refer to?
A: Differences in data that are caused by unknown or uncontrolled factors.
Q: What is systematic error?
A: A consistent inaccuracy caused by flaws in the process or tools.
Q: What is random error?
A: Unpredictable variation due to chance or inconsistent measurement.
, Q: What does sensitivity in a diagnostic test mean?
A: It shows how well the test detects true positives.
Q: What does specificity in a diagnostic test mean?
A: It indicates how well the test rules out those who don't have the condition (true
negatives).
Q: What is a confidence interval?
A: A range of values that likely includes the true population statistic.
Q: What is a survival curve?
A: A graph that displays how long individuals in a study remain in a particular
condition or alive over time.
Q: What is a likelihood ratio?
A: A value that helps determine how much a test result changes the odds of a
disease being present.
Odds ratio - - ANSWER✔✔an estimate of relative risk used in logistic regression
as a measure of association; describes the probability of an event
Know what is meant by null value. - ANSWER✔✔In an experiment, when a value
is obtained that indicates that there is no difference between the treatment and
control groups
Know components of the PICO. - ANSWER✔✔P: Problem/patient population -
what is the specifically defined group?
I: Intervention - what intervention or event will be used to address the problem or
population?
C: Comparison - how does the intervention compare to current standards of care or
another intervention?
O: Outcome - what is the effect of the proposed or comparison intervention?
Operational definitions - ANSWER✔✔- measurements used to observe or measure
a variable; delineates the procedures or operations required to measure a concept
Conceptual definitions - ANSWER✔✔general meaning of a concept
