BIO 669 Exam 1 with complete solutions
A+ updated
Cytokines - correct answer ✔✔signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive immunity
that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the inflammatory response; they
help stimulate the response to infection and tissue damage by guiding lymphocytes and
leukocytes toward the area of damage, stimulating healing, and increasing or decreasing
inflammation; there are multiple types of these cells, each with their own different roles in the
inflammatory response
Chemokines - correct answer ✔✔type of cytokines that are synthesized by many cells in
response to proinflammatory cytokines and induce chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and
wound healing; e.g. monocyte/macrophage chemotactic proteins, macrophage inflammatory
proteins, and neutrophils
Cells that synthesize chemokines - correct answer ✔✔macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial
cells
Interleukins - correct answer ✔✔type of cytokine made by white blood cells (produced
primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes) in response to stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) or by other cytokines; there are many different types of these cytokines
Interleukin-1 - correct answer ✔✔pro-inflammatory cytokine (activates and enhances
inflammatory response) that induces many acute phase proteins and is an endogenous pyrogen
Endogenous pyrogen - correct answer ✔✔molecule that stimulates fever by resetting the
hypothalamic set point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so that initially you feel
cold as your body temperature as risen, but then as the fever breaks and your temperature goes
back down, you feel hot
,Interleukin-10 - correct answer ✔✔anti-inflammatory cytokine that is primarily produced by
lymphocytes and suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes and the production of
proinflammatory cytokines of macrophages, which leads to a down-regulation of both
inflammatory and acquired immune response
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - correct answer ✔✔cytokine secreted by macrophages in response
to PAMPs and toll-like receptor recognition that is a strong inflammatory mediator and a key
regulatory molecule for inflammation; induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha - correct answer ✔✔- Induces fever by acting as an
endogenous pyrogen (also produces IL-1 and IL-6, which can also both induce/increase fever)
- Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
- Causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
- Can cause granuloma formation
TNF-A and biologic agents - correct answer ✔✔tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of
many biologic agents that try to diminish the immune response when it is overexpressed/out of
proportion; since TNF-A enhances inflammation, drugs that target TNF-A will ramp DOWN the
inflammatory response; e.g. used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,
Crohn's disease (autoimmune conditions where immune system is too active)
Interferon - correct answer ✔✔cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate the
inflammatory response
Interferons alpha and beta - correct answer ✔✔Type I interferons that are produced and
released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA and other viral
PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill viruses directly
Interferon gamma - correct answer ✔✔Type II interferon that is produced primarily by
lymphocytes to activate macrophages, which results in increased capacity to kill infectious
agents like viruses (and bacteria); key cytokine; increases microbicidal activity of macrophages
, - Plays important role in how well you can clear infection
Mast cells - correct answer ✔✔white blood cells that are the most important cellular activator
of the inflammatory response; cellular bags of granule
- located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels (skin, digestive lining, and
respiratory tract)
- their granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and chemotactic factors that when
released, can lead to a significant inflammatory response
- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.
Degranulation of mast cells - correct answer ✔✔most common activation of mast cell chemical
release
- the release of the contents of the mast cell granules (histamine, serotonin, chemotactic
factors, cytokines, etc.) in response to a receptor being engaged that allows for the stimulation
of mast cells
- this receptor is frequently an antibody acting as a receptor (e.g. IgE)
- IgE binds to mast cells, causing them to release and produce a very strong, immediate, acute
immune response (e.g. allergic asthma and other allergic responses)
Basophils - correct answer ✔✔granulocyte found in the BLOOD that most likely act the same
way as mast cells
- least prevalent granulocyte
- primary role unknown
Synthesis - correct answer ✔✔method of mast cell release in which mast cells produce and
release new mediators in response to a stimulus
Histamine - correct answer ✔✔chemical stored in mast cells and is released during
degranulation that is a vasoactive amine (many vascular effects) and causes:
A+ updated
Cytokines - correct answer ✔✔signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive immunity
that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the inflammatory response; they
help stimulate the response to infection and tissue damage by guiding lymphocytes and
leukocytes toward the area of damage, stimulating healing, and increasing or decreasing
inflammation; there are multiple types of these cells, each with their own different roles in the
inflammatory response
Chemokines - correct answer ✔✔type of cytokines that are synthesized by many cells in
response to proinflammatory cytokines and induce chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and
wound healing; e.g. monocyte/macrophage chemotactic proteins, macrophage inflammatory
proteins, and neutrophils
Cells that synthesize chemokines - correct answer ✔✔macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial
cells
Interleukins - correct answer ✔✔type of cytokine made by white blood cells (produced
primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes) in response to stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors (PRRs) or by other cytokines; there are many different types of these cytokines
Interleukin-1 - correct answer ✔✔pro-inflammatory cytokine (activates and enhances
inflammatory response) that induces many acute phase proteins and is an endogenous pyrogen
Endogenous pyrogen - correct answer ✔✔molecule that stimulates fever by resetting the
hypothalamic set point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so that initially you feel
cold as your body temperature as risen, but then as the fever breaks and your temperature goes
back down, you feel hot
,Interleukin-10 - correct answer ✔✔anti-inflammatory cytokine that is primarily produced by
lymphocytes and suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes and the production of
proinflammatory cytokines of macrophages, which leads to a down-regulation of both
inflammatory and acquired immune response
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha - correct answer ✔✔cytokine secreted by macrophages in response
to PAMPs and toll-like receptor recognition that is a strong inflammatory mediator and a key
regulatory molecule for inflammation; induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects
Effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha - correct answer ✔✔- Induces fever by acting as an
endogenous pyrogen (also produces IL-1 and IL-6, which can also both induce/increase fever)
- Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
- Causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
- Can cause granuloma formation
TNF-A and biologic agents - correct answer ✔✔tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of
many biologic agents that try to diminish the immune response when it is overexpressed/out of
proportion; since TNF-A enhances inflammation, drugs that target TNF-A will ramp DOWN the
inflammatory response; e.g. used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,
Crohn's disease (autoimmune conditions where immune system is too active)
Interferon - correct answer ✔✔cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate the
inflammatory response
Interferons alpha and beta - correct answer ✔✔Type I interferons that are produced and
released by virally infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA and other viral
PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill viruses directly
Interferon gamma - correct answer ✔✔Type II interferon that is produced primarily by
lymphocytes to activate macrophages, which results in increased capacity to kill infectious
agents like viruses (and bacteria); key cytokine; increases microbicidal activity of macrophages
, - Plays important role in how well you can clear infection
Mast cells - correct answer ✔✔white blood cells that are the most important cellular activator
of the inflammatory response; cellular bags of granule
- located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels (skin, digestive lining, and
respiratory tract)
- their granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and chemotactic factors that when
released, can lead to a significant inflammatory response
- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.
Degranulation of mast cells - correct answer ✔✔most common activation of mast cell chemical
release
- the release of the contents of the mast cell granules (histamine, serotonin, chemotactic
factors, cytokines, etc.) in response to a receptor being engaged that allows for the stimulation
of mast cells
- this receptor is frequently an antibody acting as a receptor (e.g. IgE)
- IgE binds to mast cells, causing them to release and produce a very strong, immediate, acute
immune response (e.g. allergic asthma and other allergic responses)
Basophils - correct answer ✔✔granulocyte found in the BLOOD that most likely act the same
way as mast cells
- least prevalent granulocyte
- primary role unknown
Synthesis - correct answer ✔✔method of mast cell release in which mast cells produce and
release new mediators in response to a stimulus
Histamine - correct answer ✔✔chemical stored in mast cells and is released during
degranulation that is a vasoactive amine (many vascular effects) and causes:
