Anatomy & Physiology 1 – Exam 1 Notes
Chapters 1-3:
Overview of Anatomy & Physiology:
- Anatomy:
- Anatomy = study of structure
- Different types gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy
- Need for Success:
- Mastery of anatomical terms
- Observation
- Manipulation
- Palpation
- Auscultation
-Physiology:
- Physiology = the study of function
- Need for success:
- Ability to focus on many levels
- Basic physical principles
- Basic chemical principles
-Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
- Chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organism
- Know organ systems, organs in them, and what they do!!
- All cells depend on organ systems to get the things they need to survive
Principles/Requirements for Life:
1. Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environment (i.e. skin, plasma
membrane)
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness withdrawal reflex; control breathing rate
4. Digest
5. Metabolism all chemical reactions in body
6. Excrete (i.e. urea, CO2, feces)
7. Reproduce (i.e. cell division, offspring)
8. Growth increase in size of body parts
Survival Needs:
1.Nutrients chemicals for energy/cell building
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal body temperature
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure
,Homeostasis:
-Maintain stable internal environment despite changes in external environment
- Constantly changing; dynamic equilibrium
- Nervous (fast) and endocrine (slow) systems monitor and regulate this
Components/Steps of Maintaining Homeostasis:
1.Receptors sensor; monitors environment
2. Control Center determines what to do about it
3. Effector receives output; does something about it
Negative Feedback:
- The response reduces or shuts off original stimulus (i.e. regulating body temperature and
blood volume)
- ex: thermostat
- Regulation of blood volume by ADH receptors sense low blood volume; control center tells
pituitary gland to release ADH
Positive Feedback:
- Response enhances/exaggerates original stimulus
- ex: pregnancy/labor increase contractions because oxytocin is released
- ex: platelet formation
-Homeostasis imbalance = increased risk of disease
Anatomical Position:
-Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward
- Learn anatomical regions!!
Body Cavities:
1.Dorsal
1.Cranial
2. Vertebral
2. Ventral
1. Thoracic
1. 2 Pleural Cavities
2. Mediastinum
3. Pericardial Cavity
2. Abdominopelvic
1. Abdominal
2. Pelvic
Serous Membranes:
-Thin, double-layer membrane that surrounds organs and cavities
, Abdominopelvic Regions:
-Know names of each region!!
Other Cavities:
- Oral
- Nasal
- Orbital
- Middle Ear
- Synovial
Chapter 4: Tissues – The Living Fabric
Outline:
I. Epithelial
A. Simple
a. Squamous
b. Cuboidal
c. Columnar
B. Stratified
a. Squamous
b. Cuboidal
c. Columnar
* Pseudostratified Columnar
* Transitional
II. Connective
A. Connective Tissue Proper (fibrocytes = main cell type)
a. Loose
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
b. Dense
1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic
B. Cartilage (chondrocytes = main cell type)
a. Hyaline
b. Elastic
C. Bone (osteocytes = main cell type)
D. Blood
III. Muscle
Chapters 1-3:
Overview of Anatomy & Physiology:
- Anatomy:
- Anatomy = study of structure
- Different types gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy
- Need for Success:
- Mastery of anatomical terms
- Observation
- Manipulation
- Palpation
- Auscultation
-Physiology:
- Physiology = the study of function
- Need for success:
- Ability to focus on many levels
- Basic physical principles
- Basic chemical principles
-Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
- Chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organism
- Know organ systems, organs in them, and what they do!!
- All cells depend on organ systems to get the things they need to survive
Principles/Requirements for Life:
1. Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environment (i.e. skin, plasma
membrane)
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness withdrawal reflex; control breathing rate
4. Digest
5. Metabolism all chemical reactions in body
6. Excrete (i.e. urea, CO2, feces)
7. Reproduce (i.e. cell division, offspring)
8. Growth increase in size of body parts
Survival Needs:
1.Nutrients chemicals for energy/cell building
2. Oxygen
3. Water
4. Normal body temperature
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure
,Homeostasis:
-Maintain stable internal environment despite changes in external environment
- Constantly changing; dynamic equilibrium
- Nervous (fast) and endocrine (slow) systems monitor and regulate this
Components/Steps of Maintaining Homeostasis:
1.Receptors sensor; monitors environment
2. Control Center determines what to do about it
3. Effector receives output; does something about it
Negative Feedback:
- The response reduces or shuts off original stimulus (i.e. regulating body temperature and
blood volume)
- ex: thermostat
- Regulation of blood volume by ADH receptors sense low blood volume; control center tells
pituitary gland to release ADH
Positive Feedback:
- Response enhances/exaggerates original stimulus
- ex: pregnancy/labor increase contractions because oxytocin is released
- ex: platelet formation
-Homeostasis imbalance = increased risk of disease
Anatomical Position:
-Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward
- Learn anatomical regions!!
Body Cavities:
1.Dorsal
1.Cranial
2. Vertebral
2. Ventral
1. Thoracic
1. 2 Pleural Cavities
2. Mediastinum
3. Pericardial Cavity
2. Abdominopelvic
1. Abdominal
2. Pelvic
Serous Membranes:
-Thin, double-layer membrane that surrounds organs and cavities
, Abdominopelvic Regions:
-Know names of each region!!
Other Cavities:
- Oral
- Nasal
- Orbital
- Middle Ear
- Synovial
Chapter 4: Tissues – The Living Fabric
Outline:
I. Epithelial
A. Simple
a. Squamous
b. Cuboidal
c. Columnar
B. Stratified
a. Squamous
b. Cuboidal
c. Columnar
* Pseudostratified Columnar
* Transitional
II. Connective
A. Connective Tissue Proper (fibrocytes = main cell type)
a. Loose
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
b. Dense
1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic
B. Cartilage (chondrocytes = main cell type)
a. Hyaline
b. Elastic
C. Bone (osteocytes = main cell type)
D. Blood
III. Muscle
