NBCE Part II: Chiropractic principles
DD Palmer: Who was he? Fist to use? Foundation of Chiropractic? Theory?
Causes? Coined? Learned from? Philosophy? What is similar to innate? ...Answer
Is...Discoverer/founder of chiropractic (1895)
First to use short levers (SP and TP)
TONE is the foundation of chiropractic
Nerve compression theory
Causes of subluxation: CHEMICAL (toxins), MECHANICAL (trauma), PSYCHIC
(thoughts)
Coined INNATE from christianity
Learned chiropractic from Eastern European Bone Setters
Chiropractic philosophy based on principle of STRUCTURE (spinal column) to
FUNCTION (nervous system)
Homeostatis is similar to innate --> self regulating and self healing
vitalism->suggsts body requires something greater than physical and chemical
processes to function
BJ Palmer: Name? Who was he? What did he do? Theory? Chart? Technique?
Instrument? Philosophy? ...Answer Is...Bartlett Joshua
Developer of chiropractic
Meric chart of nerve tracing
HIO technique - only C1 and C2 were capable of subluxating and producing
significant problems;Cord compression theory
Neurocalometer - detected heat imbalances
Carver ...Answer Is...Subluxations are from abnormal biomechanics caused by
muscle imbalance in a weight bearing spine. Pelvic distortion model (basic distortion
of the spine starts in the pelvis)
Cox/McManus ...Answer Is...Flexion/distraction - developed a protocol for the
treatment of lumbar disc protrusion, spondylolisthesis, facet syndrome, subluxation,
and scoliotic curves
DeJarnette ...Answer Is...SOT - CSF flow through the pumping action of the sacrum
and the cranial dura matter
Gillet ...Answer Is...considers the process of mechanical joint dysfunction thru 3 diff
phases of joint dysfunc= muscular, ligamentous, articular. ligamentous and articular
fixations most signif
Faye ...Answer Is...Fixation theory of joint hypomobility
,Gonstead ...Answer Is...Subluxations are all posterior with disc wedging
Grostic ...Answer Is...Upper cervical specific, dentate ligament
Hadley ...Answer Is...Found that disc herniations, exostoses or subluxations may
produce pressure on the dorsal nerve root
Hahnemann ...Answer Is...Father of Homeopathy (treats patients with heavily diluted
preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented)
Hippocrates ...Answer Is...Father of modern medicine, first to manipulate
Illi ...Answer Is...Joint hypermobility, described SI movement and pelvic dynamics,
discovered and tested SI ligaments
Kirkaldv/Willis ...Answer Is...3 phase model of Instablity: (degeneration)-
>Dysfunction, unstable, stabilization(joint hypomobility, instability, degneration)
Korr ...Answer Is...Segmental facilitation theory
Established the concept of subluxation creating a hyperactive nervous system,
rather than a decrease in nerve impulses, muscle is central to his theory
Langworthy, Smith and Paxson ...Answer Is...Wrote the first chiropractic textbook in
1906, people started to research and incorporate motion instead of "bone out of
place" idea
Skip Lantz ...Answer Is...Revised Faye's concept of the vertebral subluxation
complex (VSC)
Logan ...Answer Is...Founder of Logan Basic technique, sacrum as keystone to
spine, first to use heel lifts
Selve ...Answer Is...General Adaptation syndrome, under optimum conditions the
body can respond to stressors
Stephenson ...Answer Is...Wrote chiropractic textbook, identified 33 principles of
chiropractic, and safety pin cycle
Andrew Taylor Still ...Answer Is...Founder of Osteopathy in 1856, related the
integrity of the spine and skeleton to the proper functioning of circulatory system
Samuel Weed ...Answer Is...Named chiropractic
Core to Chiropractic paradigm #1 ...Answer Is...body is self regulating and self
healing organism
,Core to Chiropractic paradigm #2 ...Answer Is...nervous system controls everythin
Core to Chiropractic paradigm #3 ...Answer Is...spinal biomechanical dysfunc VSC
may adversely affect the nervous systems ability to regulate function
Core to Chiropractic paradigm #4 ...Answer Is...central focus of DC=correcting,
managing, or minimizing VS through Chiropractic adjustment
What are the five components of a Vertebral Subluxation Complex according to
Faye? ...Answer Is...Neuropathophysiology
Kinesiopathophysiology
Myopathology
Histopathology
Pathophysiology
What is neuropathophysiology? Three forms? ...Answer Is...Biomechanical insult to
nerve tissue is proposed to cause neural dysfunction in the following three forms:
Irritation (acute) - facilitation of the anterior horn exhibits hypertonicity or muscle
spasm, of the lateral horn results in vasomotor changes (Sympatheticotonia), of the
posterior horn causes sensory changes (Hyperesthesia)
Compression (chronic) - leads to degeneration, muscle atrophy, anesthesia, and
sympathetic atonia
Decreased axoplasmic transport - alters development, growth, and maintenance of
cells
Acute(irritation) facilitated posterior horn ...Answer Is...hyperesthesia
Acute(irritation) facilitated anterior horn ...Answer Is...hypertonicity/muscles spasm
Acute(irritation) facilitated lateral horn ...Answer Is...sympathetic vasomotor
chronic (compression) inhibited posterior horn ...Answer Is...anesthesia
chronic (compression) inhibited anterior horn ...Answer Is...atrophy
chronic (compression) inhibited lateral horn ...Answer Is...sympathetic atonia
What is Kinesiopathophysiology? ...Answer Is...Hypomobility, diminished or absent
joint play, or segmental hypermobility due to compression, directly affected by chiro
adjustment, Cornerstone model of Chiropractic because it's the goal of the
adjustment to restore motion
shortened ligaments adaptation chronic
altered proprioception
, What is Myopathology? ...Answer Is...Spasm or hypertonicity of muscles as a result
of compensation, facilitation, Hilton's law(mm and joint supplied by same nerve) or
any combination (acute=spasm, if chronic becomes atrophy)
What is Histopathology? ...Answer Is...Damage on the cellular level via subluxation.
This component relates to inflammation (release of histamines, prostagladins and
kinins)
Can cause 5 signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor),
pain (dolor), loss of function (functio laesa)
cellular flow of inflamm proccess
What is Pathophysiology? ...Answer Is...hormonal and chemical effects -imbalances-
related to inflammation-stress syndrome
end result of VSC=dis-ease
What is the Neurological reflex model? ...Answer Is...All reflex arcs must involve the
spinal cord. A reflex arc is where sensory meets motor. Reflexes are named by
"cause then effect"
Somatic (somato) - refers to skin, bone, muscle, nerve
Visceral - autonomic - organs, blood, lymph
Psycho - thinking about something
ex. Gallstones refer pain to the right shoulder (viscerosomatic reflex)
What is the Gate Control Theory of Pain? ...Answer Is...Within the substantia
gelatinosa (lamina II of the gray matter), several factors are able to block or facilitate
the transmission of pain-producing impulses to the thalamus, the degree of which
the "gate" is open or closed depends on the spinal cord:
Signals travelling on fast, type A afferent fibers greatly depress pain transmission
(on slow, type C fibers)
Pain fibers terminate at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the substantia
gelatinosa
Second order mechanoreceptor axons also terminate here causing presynaptic
inhibition
What is the Vascular Insufficiency model? ...Answer Is...Vertebral arteries provide a
large portion of the blood supply to the cranium and are the major blood supply to
the brain stem
Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency (VBAI) hypothesis states that cervical
intervertebral subluxations may cause deflection or compression of the vertebral
arteries, thereby altering cerebral circulation
Signs/symptoms: Ataxia, diplopia, dizziness, diarrhea, dysphagia, falling to side,
nausea, numbness, nystagmus, visual disturbances, vomiting
Symptoms with rotation and extension of the head - never give 2nd adjustment!
What can cause VBAI? (5) Most common location? ...Answer Is...Injury to the
cervical spine
DD Palmer: Who was he? Fist to use? Foundation of Chiropractic? Theory?
Causes? Coined? Learned from? Philosophy? What is similar to innate? ...Answer
Is...Discoverer/founder of chiropractic (1895)
First to use short levers (SP and TP)
TONE is the foundation of chiropractic
Nerve compression theory
Causes of subluxation: CHEMICAL (toxins), MECHANICAL (trauma), PSYCHIC
(thoughts)
Coined INNATE from christianity
Learned chiropractic from Eastern European Bone Setters
Chiropractic philosophy based on principle of STRUCTURE (spinal column) to
FUNCTION (nervous system)
Homeostatis is similar to innate --> self regulating and self healing
vitalism->suggsts body requires something greater than physical and chemical
processes to function
BJ Palmer: Name? Who was he? What did he do? Theory? Chart? Technique?
Instrument? Philosophy? ...Answer Is...Bartlett Joshua
Developer of chiropractic
Meric chart of nerve tracing
HIO technique - only C1 and C2 were capable of subluxating and producing
significant problems;Cord compression theory
Neurocalometer - detected heat imbalances
Carver ...Answer Is...Subluxations are from abnormal biomechanics caused by
muscle imbalance in a weight bearing spine. Pelvic distortion model (basic distortion
of the spine starts in the pelvis)
Cox/McManus ...Answer Is...Flexion/distraction - developed a protocol for the
treatment of lumbar disc protrusion, spondylolisthesis, facet syndrome, subluxation,
and scoliotic curves
DeJarnette ...Answer Is...SOT - CSF flow through the pumping action of the sacrum
and the cranial dura matter
Gillet ...Answer Is...considers the process of mechanical joint dysfunction thru 3 diff
phases of joint dysfunc= muscular, ligamentous, articular. ligamentous and articular
fixations most signif
Faye ...Answer Is...Fixation theory of joint hypomobility
,Gonstead ...Answer Is...Subluxations are all posterior with disc wedging
Grostic ...Answer Is...Upper cervical specific, dentate ligament
Hadley ...Answer Is...Found that disc herniations, exostoses or subluxations may
produce pressure on the dorsal nerve root
Hahnemann ...Answer Is...Father of Homeopathy (treats patients with heavily diluted
preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented)
Hippocrates ...Answer Is...Father of modern medicine, first to manipulate
Illi ...Answer Is...Joint hypermobility, described SI movement and pelvic dynamics,
discovered and tested SI ligaments
Kirkaldv/Willis ...Answer Is...3 phase model of Instablity: (degeneration)-
>Dysfunction, unstable, stabilization(joint hypomobility, instability, degneration)
Korr ...Answer Is...Segmental facilitation theory
Established the concept of subluxation creating a hyperactive nervous system,
rather than a decrease in nerve impulses, muscle is central to his theory
Langworthy, Smith and Paxson ...Answer Is...Wrote the first chiropractic textbook in
1906, people started to research and incorporate motion instead of "bone out of
place" idea
Skip Lantz ...Answer Is...Revised Faye's concept of the vertebral subluxation
complex (VSC)
Logan ...Answer Is...Founder of Logan Basic technique, sacrum as keystone to
spine, first to use heel lifts
Selve ...Answer Is...General Adaptation syndrome, under optimum conditions the
body can respond to stressors
Stephenson ...Answer Is...Wrote chiropractic textbook, identified 33 principles of
chiropractic, and safety pin cycle
Andrew Taylor Still ...Answer Is...Founder of Osteopathy in 1856, related the
integrity of the spine and skeleton to the proper functioning of circulatory system
Samuel Weed ...Answer Is...Named chiropractic
Core to Chiropractic paradigm #1 ...Answer Is...body is self regulating and self
healing organism
,Core to Chiropractic paradigm #2 ...Answer Is...nervous system controls everythin
Core to Chiropractic paradigm #3 ...Answer Is...spinal biomechanical dysfunc VSC
may adversely affect the nervous systems ability to regulate function
Core to Chiropractic paradigm #4 ...Answer Is...central focus of DC=correcting,
managing, or minimizing VS through Chiropractic adjustment
What are the five components of a Vertebral Subluxation Complex according to
Faye? ...Answer Is...Neuropathophysiology
Kinesiopathophysiology
Myopathology
Histopathology
Pathophysiology
What is neuropathophysiology? Three forms? ...Answer Is...Biomechanical insult to
nerve tissue is proposed to cause neural dysfunction in the following three forms:
Irritation (acute) - facilitation of the anterior horn exhibits hypertonicity or muscle
spasm, of the lateral horn results in vasomotor changes (Sympatheticotonia), of the
posterior horn causes sensory changes (Hyperesthesia)
Compression (chronic) - leads to degeneration, muscle atrophy, anesthesia, and
sympathetic atonia
Decreased axoplasmic transport - alters development, growth, and maintenance of
cells
Acute(irritation) facilitated posterior horn ...Answer Is...hyperesthesia
Acute(irritation) facilitated anterior horn ...Answer Is...hypertonicity/muscles spasm
Acute(irritation) facilitated lateral horn ...Answer Is...sympathetic vasomotor
chronic (compression) inhibited posterior horn ...Answer Is...anesthesia
chronic (compression) inhibited anterior horn ...Answer Is...atrophy
chronic (compression) inhibited lateral horn ...Answer Is...sympathetic atonia
What is Kinesiopathophysiology? ...Answer Is...Hypomobility, diminished or absent
joint play, or segmental hypermobility due to compression, directly affected by chiro
adjustment, Cornerstone model of Chiropractic because it's the goal of the
adjustment to restore motion
shortened ligaments adaptation chronic
altered proprioception
, What is Myopathology? ...Answer Is...Spasm or hypertonicity of muscles as a result
of compensation, facilitation, Hilton's law(mm and joint supplied by same nerve) or
any combination (acute=spasm, if chronic becomes atrophy)
What is Histopathology? ...Answer Is...Damage on the cellular level via subluxation.
This component relates to inflammation (release of histamines, prostagladins and
kinins)
Can cause 5 signs of inflammation: redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor),
pain (dolor), loss of function (functio laesa)
cellular flow of inflamm proccess
What is Pathophysiology? ...Answer Is...hormonal and chemical effects -imbalances-
related to inflammation-stress syndrome
end result of VSC=dis-ease
What is the Neurological reflex model? ...Answer Is...All reflex arcs must involve the
spinal cord. A reflex arc is where sensory meets motor. Reflexes are named by
"cause then effect"
Somatic (somato) - refers to skin, bone, muscle, nerve
Visceral - autonomic - organs, blood, lymph
Psycho - thinking about something
ex. Gallstones refer pain to the right shoulder (viscerosomatic reflex)
What is the Gate Control Theory of Pain? ...Answer Is...Within the substantia
gelatinosa (lamina II of the gray matter), several factors are able to block or facilitate
the transmission of pain-producing impulses to the thalamus, the degree of which
the "gate" is open or closed depends on the spinal cord:
Signals travelling on fast, type A afferent fibers greatly depress pain transmission
(on slow, type C fibers)
Pain fibers terminate at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the substantia
gelatinosa
Second order mechanoreceptor axons also terminate here causing presynaptic
inhibition
What is the Vascular Insufficiency model? ...Answer Is...Vertebral arteries provide a
large portion of the blood supply to the cranium and are the major blood supply to
the brain stem
Vertebrobasilar arterial insufficiency (VBAI) hypothesis states that cervical
intervertebral subluxations may cause deflection or compression of the vertebral
arteries, thereby altering cerebral circulation
Signs/symptoms: Ataxia, diplopia, dizziness, diarrhea, dysphagia, falling to side,
nausea, numbness, nystagmus, visual disturbances, vomiting
Symptoms with rotation and extension of the head - never give 2nd adjustment!
What can cause VBAI? (5) Most common location? ...Answer Is...Injury to the
cervical spine
