NUR 228 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers Graded A+
Sodium Lab values - Answers 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium Lab values - Answers 3.5-5.o mEq/L
Chloride Lab values - Answers 95-105 mEq/L
Bicarbonate Lab values - Answers 22-28 mEq/L
Calcium Lab values - Answers 9-10.5 mg/dl
Phosphate Lab values - Answers 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
BUN Lab values - Answers 8-18mg/dL
Creatinine Lab values - Answers 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Magnesium Lab values - Answers 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What are the main extracellular electrolytes - Answers Na, HCO3, Cl, Proteins
What are the main intracellular electrolytes - Answers K, PO4, MG, SO4-, PROTEINS
What electrolyte do we monitor to help us determine water balance - Answers Na+
What would the expected Na+ level to be if there was a fluid volume excess - Answers <135 mEq/L
What would the expected Na+ level to be if there was fluid volume deficit - Answers >145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia causes - Answers excessive Na+ loss (renal/diuretic, GI, skin), and excessive H20 loss
(hypotonic IVF, polydipsia, SIADH)
What solutions can NaHCO3 be mixed with in order to make a bicarb gtt - Answers 150 mEq sodium
mixed with D5W or sterile water
Hypernatremia causes - Answers excess Na+ (salt loading), H2O loss (diarrhea, impaired third,
uncontrolled DM, profuse diuresis)
Hypernatremia symptoms - Answers Thirst, dry mucous membranes, oliguria, Neuro changes
Hyponatremia symptoms - Answers malise, anorexia, N/V, headache, altered LOC, seizures, and coma
What are causes of hypokalemia - Answers K+ loss ( kidneys, gi tract, decreased intake), ECF to ICF fluid
shift (pH change, H+ out of cell and K+ into cell)
What are causes of Hyperkalemia - Answers Increased K+ intake (dietary, kidney failure, cellular death),
shift from ICF to ECF (H+ into the cells K+ into the blood stream)
, Hypokalemia treatment - Answers ORAL - Potassium chloride (KCl), INTRAVENOUS MUST BE DILUTED
AND GIVEN SLOWLY
What are symptoms of hyperkalemia - Answers dypsnea, N/V, angina, muscle weakness, palpitations,
paralysis
What are symptoms of Hypokalemia - Answers ardiac rhythm, disturbances, Muscle weakness, Leg
cramps, Decreased bowel motility
Hyperkalemia treatment - Answers Subacute treat underlying cause, Emergency Push K+ into the cells
Glucose (amp D50) and insulin (10 units IV)
Hypomagnesemia causes - Answers Decreased intake (Malnutrition, Alcohol abuse), Decreased
absorption (Celiac disease Crohn's disease), Increased need (pregnancy), GI losses (Laxatives, diarrhea)
Kidneys ( Increased urine, including with diuretics),
Drug induced (PPIs > 1 year (chronic use), Aminoglycosides, Amphotericin B, Cisplatin) - Answers
Glycogen - Answers glucose stored in the liver
Glycolysis - Answers glucose catabolism inside cells yields 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
Gluconeogenesis - Answers production of glucose from lactate and amino acids - important in starvation
Glycogenolysis - Answers in the presence of glucagon, glycogen is released by the liver as glucose
Glycogenesis - Answers production of glycogen in the liver where there are excess carbohydrates
Why is glucose important to in the body - Answers everything ingested into the body is turned into
glucose, which is turnred into fuel/energy
What organs/tissues do not require insulin to utilize glucose - Answers brain, RBC's, kidney, lens of eye
Glucose Phosphorylated - Answers Ability of the cells to capture glucose, Irreversible in most cells except
liver, GI, epithelium, renal tubular epithelial cells
Glycolysis - Answers Glucose is immediately used for energy, Releases 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate
Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle - Answers With O2 present, pyruvate enters the krebs cycle in mitochondria,
Anaerobic conditions- pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
Electron Transport System/Chain - Answers Last stage of cellular metabolism , ATP produced (majority)
Alpha Cells - Answers Glucagon
Beta Cells - Answers insulin/amylin
Delta Cells - Answers gastrin and somatostatin
Sodium Lab values - Answers 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium Lab values - Answers 3.5-5.o mEq/L
Chloride Lab values - Answers 95-105 mEq/L
Bicarbonate Lab values - Answers 22-28 mEq/L
Calcium Lab values - Answers 9-10.5 mg/dl
Phosphate Lab values - Answers 3.0-4.5 mg/dL
BUN Lab values - Answers 8-18mg/dL
Creatinine Lab values - Answers 0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Magnesium Lab values - Answers 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
What are the main extracellular electrolytes - Answers Na, HCO3, Cl, Proteins
What are the main intracellular electrolytes - Answers K, PO4, MG, SO4-, PROTEINS
What electrolyte do we monitor to help us determine water balance - Answers Na+
What would the expected Na+ level to be if there was a fluid volume excess - Answers <135 mEq/L
What would the expected Na+ level to be if there was fluid volume deficit - Answers >145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia causes - Answers excessive Na+ loss (renal/diuretic, GI, skin), and excessive H20 loss
(hypotonic IVF, polydipsia, SIADH)
What solutions can NaHCO3 be mixed with in order to make a bicarb gtt - Answers 150 mEq sodium
mixed with D5W or sterile water
Hypernatremia causes - Answers excess Na+ (salt loading), H2O loss (diarrhea, impaired third,
uncontrolled DM, profuse diuresis)
Hypernatremia symptoms - Answers Thirst, dry mucous membranes, oliguria, Neuro changes
Hyponatremia symptoms - Answers malise, anorexia, N/V, headache, altered LOC, seizures, and coma
What are causes of hypokalemia - Answers K+ loss ( kidneys, gi tract, decreased intake), ECF to ICF fluid
shift (pH change, H+ out of cell and K+ into cell)
What are causes of Hyperkalemia - Answers Increased K+ intake (dietary, kidney failure, cellular death),
shift from ICF to ECF (H+ into the cells K+ into the blood stream)
, Hypokalemia treatment - Answers ORAL - Potassium chloride (KCl), INTRAVENOUS MUST BE DILUTED
AND GIVEN SLOWLY
What are symptoms of hyperkalemia - Answers dypsnea, N/V, angina, muscle weakness, palpitations,
paralysis
What are symptoms of Hypokalemia - Answers ardiac rhythm, disturbances, Muscle weakness, Leg
cramps, Decreased bowel motility
Hyperkalemia treatment - Answers Subacute treat underlying cause, Emergency Push K+ into the cells
Glucose (amp D50) and insulin (10 units IV)
Hypomagnesemia causes - Answers Decreased intake (Malnutrition, Alcohol abuse), Decreased
absorption (Celiac disease Crohn's disease), Increased need (pregnancy), GI losses (Laxatives, diarrhea)
Kidneys ( Increased urine, including with diuretics),
Drug induced (PPIs > 1 year (chronic use), Aminoglycosides, Amphotericin B, Cisplatin) - Answers
Glycogen - Answers glucose stored in the liver
Glycolysis - Answers glucose catabolism inside cells yields 2 pyruvic acid and 2 ATP
Gluconeogenesis - Answers production of glucose from lactate and amino acids - important in starvation
Glycogenolysis - Answers in the presence of glucagon, glycogen is released by the liver as glucose
Glycogenesis - Answers production of glycogen in the liver where there are excess carbohydrates
Why is glucose important to in the body - Answers everything ingested into the body is turned into
glucose, which is turnred into fuel/energy
What organs/tissues do not require insulin to utilize glucose - Answers brain, RBC's, kidney, lens of eye
Glucose Phosphorylated - Answers Ability of the cells to capture glucose, Irreversible in most cells except
liver, GI, epithelium, renal tubular epithelial cells
Glycolysis - Answers Glucose is immediately used for energy, Releases 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvate
Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle - Answers With O2 present, pyruvate enters the krebs cycle in mitochondria,
Anaerobic conditions- pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
Electron Transport System/Chain - Answers Last stage of cellular metabolism , ATP produced (majority)
Alpha Cells - Answers Glucagon
Beta Cells - Answers insulin/amylin
Delta Cells - Answers gastrin and somatostatin
