HCC Final Exam CORRECT QUESTIONS
& ANSWERS|| 2025 LATEST UPDATE
Macronutrients - ANSWER Substances that you need for most of your body. Ex:
proteins, fats, carbs
Micronutrients - ANSWER minerals & vitamins you can get from food & supplements.
Phytochemicals - ANSWER found in green veggies & tomatoes, help fight off infection.
Kilocalorie - ANSWER Number on the back of your food to say how many calories are
in food.
Malnutrition - ANSWER Not getting adequate nutrition.
Sarcopenia - ANSWER muscle loss due to aging (upper arms & calves).
Anasarca - ANSWER build up of fluid in your tissues.
Hypoalbuminemia - ANSWER helps fluid stay in blood stream & not in tissues.
Food desert - ANSWER area in which it is difficult to obtain healthy foods.
Non GMO Foods - ANSWER food that grows naturally ex. (organic foods)
Basal Metabolic Rate - ANSWER Energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining
activities for a specific amount of time.
Resting Energy Expenditure - ANSWER Amount of energy needed to consume over 24
hr period for the body to maintain internal working activities while at rest.
Things that change your metabolic needs: - ANSWER P- pregnant
I- illness
L- lactation
A- activity level.
Each macronutrient & micronutrient has specific function - ANSWER Effects of
deficiency or excess relate to the functions
Carbohydrate - ANSWER 4g; complex & simple saccharides - main source of energy
Protein - ANSWER 4g; amino acids - necessary for nitrogen balance
Fats - ANSWER 9g; saturates, polysaturated, & monosaturated - calorie dense
, Water - ANSWER M=15 cups
F=11 cups
cell function depends on a fluid environment
Vitamins - ANSWER Essential for metabolism - water-soluble or fat-soluble
Minerals - ANSWER Catalysts for enzymatic reaction; macro minerals - trace elements
Vit A - ANSWER Deficiencies: night blindness
Excess: Loss of appetite, bone pain, hypercalcemia
Vit B1 (thiamine) - ANSWER Deficiencies: Wernicke's encephalopathy w/
neurodegeneration
Excess: toxicity rare
Vit B2 - ANSWER Deficiencies: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
Excess: abnormal glucose metabolism, flushing, N/V
Vit B12 - ANSWER Deficiencies: pernicious anemia, psychiatric disorders
Excess: unknown
Biotin - ANSWER Deficiencies: hair loss
Excess: unknown
Vit C - ANSWER Deficiencies: bleeding tendency, scurvy
Excess: inhibits zinc absorption, urinary stones
Vit D - ANSWER Deficiencies: Rickets, bone disease, muscle pain, falls
Excess: hypercalcemia, renal stones, calcification of soft tissues
Copper - ANSWER Deficiencies: anemia, skin lesions, neurological disease, bone
fragility
Excess: found in Wilson's disease, neuron & liver cell death
Iron - ANSWER Deficiencies: anemia, fatigue, poor growth
Excess: hemochromatosis (genetic) with liver, pancreas, & cardiac damage
Magnesium - ANSWER Deficiencies: HTN, dysrhythmia, preeclampsia
Excess: increased calcium excretion
Zinc - ANSWER Deficiencies: dermatitis, impaired taste & growth, low level of alkaline
phosphate enzyme
Excess: copper deficiency, renal damage, N/V, diarrhea.
& ANSWERS|| 2025 LATEST UPDATE
Macronutrients - ANSWER Substances that you need for most of your body. Ex:
proteins, fats, carbs
Micronutrients - ANSWER minerals & vitamins you can get from food & supplements.
Phytochemicals - ANSWER found in green veggies & tomatoes, help fight off infection.
Kilocalorie - ANSWER Number on the back of your food to say how many calories are
in food.
Malnutrition - ANSWER Not getting adequate nutrition.
Sarcopenia - ANSWER muscle loss due to aging (upper arms & calves).
Anasarca - ANSWER build up of fluid in your tissues.
Hypoalbuminemia - ANSWER helps fluid stay in blood stream & not in tissues.
Food desert - ANSWER area in which it is difficult to obtain healthy foods.
Non GMO Foods - ANSWER food that grows naturally ex. (organic foods)
Basal Metabolic Rate - ANSWER Energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining
activities for a specific amount of time.
Resting Energy Expenditure - ANSWER Amount of energy needed to consume over 24
hr period for the body to maintain internal working activities while at rest.
Things that change your metabolic needs: - ANSWER P- pregnant
I- illness
L- lactation
A- activity level.
Each macronutrient & micronutrient has specific function - ANSWER Effects of
deficiency or excess relate to the functions
Carbohydrate - ANSWER 4g; complex & simple saccharides - main source of energy
Protein - ANSWER 4g; amino acids - necessary for nitrogen balance
Fats - ANSWER 9g; saturates, polysaturated, & monosaturated - calorie dense
, Water - ANSWER M=15 cups
F=11 cups
cell function depends on a fluid environment
Vitamins - ANSWER Essential for metabolism - water-soluble or fat-soluble
Minerals - ANSWER Catalysts for enzymatic reaction; macro minerals - trace elements
Vit A - ANSWER Deficiencies: night blindness
Excess: Loss of appetite, bone pain, hypercalcemia
Vit B1 (thiamine) - ANSWER Deficiencies: Wernicke's encephalopathy w/
neurodegeneration
Excess: toxicity rare
Vit B2 - ANSWER Deficiencies: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
Excess: abnormal glucose metabolism, flushing, N/V
Vit B12 - ANSWER Deficiencies: pernicious anemia, psychiatric disorders
Excess: unknown
Biotin - ANSWER Deficiencies: hair loss
Excess: unknown
Vit C - ANSWER Deficiencies: bleeding tendency, scurvy
Excess: inhibits zinc absorption, urinary stones
Vit D - ANSWER Deficiencies: Rickets, bone disease, muscle pain, falls
Excess: hypercalcemia, renal stones, calcification of soft tissues
Copper - ANSWER Deficiencies: anemia, skin lesions, neurological disease, bone
fragility
Excess: found in Wilson's disease, neuron & liver cell death
Iron - ANSWER Deficiencies: anemia, fatigue, poor growth
Excess: hemochromatosis (genetic) with liver, pancreas, & cardiac damage
Magnesium - ANSWER Deficiencies: HTN, dysrhythmia, preeclampsia
Excess: increased calcium excretion
Zinc - ANSWER Deficiencies: dermatitis, impaired taste & growth, low level of alkaline
phosphate enzyme
Excess: copper deficiency, renal damage, N/V, diarrhea.
